Sociology Is The Study Of Social Behavior - 969 Words

Sociology is the study of social behavior. Social behavior has to deal with a society, its development, organizations, and networks. Poverty, the struggling middle class, education and social mobility, inequality, social class and the health care system, are also important aspects of sociology. In class, we are currently discussing social class. Social class is a division of a society that is heavily based upon social and economic status. In the United States, there are many cases in which poverty and inequality stem off of social class. For example, an African-American child from a poor neighborhood and family is less likely to be accepted into the Wasps, where as a Caucasian child from a wealthy family is accepted due to ancestry alone. Another example of social class affecting a community is if it is filled with crime and poverty and the inhabitants are predominantly black. Sociology provides different perspectives in order to effectively view society and its various behaviors. A perspective is the way one interprets something. Sociological perspectives help to depict and decode what goes on within our societies. There are three sociological perspectives the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective. All three perspectives provide their own explanations about human behavior and the social world. The article â€Å"To Rebuild a Neighborhood, Philadelphia Goes Beyond Housing† talks about how the Philadelphia HousingShow MoreRelatedSociology : Sociological And Scientific Study Of Human Behavior And Social Interaction1037 Words   |  5 PagesGiven the many theories and ideas that have influenced the development of sociology, it is possible to misunderstand what sociology truly means. As humanity enters into the 21st century, the study of society has become more relevant than ever. In this day and age where everybody is part of a society, it is crucial to understand the social dynamics invisible to th e naked eye. Sociology provides critical insight into what problems our world currently faces and what we can do to prevent further problemsRead MoreSociology Is The Scientific Study Of Society And Human Behavior895 Words   |  4 PagesWebster dictionary, the simple definition of sociology is â€Å"the study of society, social institution, and social relationships. Based on the textbook, â€Å"sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior† (G-6). Through the two definitions, one can deduce that the study of Sociology is a discipline that explains and analysis the human culture in terms of their social relationships and social institutions. Sociology is a study that explains the social world which human beings live in and howRead MorePsychology And Sociology And Psychology1612 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we think of society or people, and their behavior, psychology and sociology come to our mind. This is because they are academic fields that posses the same main idea, which is the study of the behavior. Although these two sciences have enormous differences, for those whom never had read anything about this topics it would seem the same. Despite bearing some superficial similarities, the differences between sociology and psychology are pronounced. Actually the main contrast between them isRead MoreSociology: Value Conflict1346 Words   |  6 PagesSociology ï ¿ ½ PAGE * MERGEFORMAT ï ¿ ½1ï ¿ ½ Running Head: SOCIOLOGY Sociology ï ¿ ½ Sociology Value Conflict Objectivity means that the conclusions arrived at as the result of inquiry and investigation are independent of the race, color, creed, occupation, nationality, religion, moral preference and political predisposition of the investigator. If hi research is truly objective, it is independent of any subjective elements; any personal desires that he may have. Having said that, one can argue whetherRead MoreCritical Theory, Functionalism And Symbolic Interactionism Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn sociology, there are three major theories; critical theory, functionalism and symbolic interactionism. These theories express the structure of society in which each theory looks at a different aspects of sociology. Sociologists apply these theories in the study of society, but it becomes difficult if only one theory is applied. For that one applied theory, would only look at the aspect to which it is confined to. To successfully study sociology all three theories must be applied together. CriticalRead MoreSocial Psychology Definition Paper1122 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Psychology Definition Paper Sinthia Brye PSY/ 400 August 30, 2010 Joyce Willis Social Psychology Introduction Social psychology it observes as the influence of our situations with special attention on how we view and affect one another. Social psychology perceives the way we think, influence people, and relates to others. Social psychology lies at psychology’s boundary with sociology, which sociology is the study of people in groups and societies? Social psychology isRead MoreWhy An Independent Variable Affects A Dependent Variable888 Words   |  4 Pages Surveys and Experiments, Longitudinal studies, are two significant methods of research used in Sociology. First, the Survey method, a primary research method, studies a larger, broader population of sociology (Bryant, L. (2014), (Census). For this survey method, experimenter choose the subject and questions needed for the collection of data. The advantage of this method involves a faster evaluation period and is inexpensive. However, the disadvantage of this method is the interviewers inabilityRead MoreAsdfghjkl894 Words   |  4 PagesSociology Research Area * * Aging and the Life Course * Alcohol and Substance Abuse * Asia amp; Asian America * Collective Behavior and Social Movements * Community and Urban Sociology * Comparative and Historical Sociology * Sociology and Computers * Crime, Law amp; Deviance * Economic Sociology * Environment amp; Technology * Family amp; Marriage * History of Sociology * International Migration * Latino/aRead MoreWhat Is Sociology?1062 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is sociology? We can start by saying that sociology is the systematic study of human society. Sociology should be more than you find in a good documentary on a social issue. It is certainly more than listings of facts and figures about society. Instead it becomes a form of consciousness a way of thinking, a critical way of seeing the social. Seeing the general in the particular. In his short book ‘Invitation to Sociology’(1963) characterized the sociological perspective as seeing the generalRead MoreWhat is Psychology?925 Words   |  4 Pagespsychology was defined as the study of consciousness. From about 1930 to1970, the definition of psychology changed with dealing more with the scientific study of behavior. From about 1970 on, psychology was defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. However, according to nowadays definition of psychology, it could be defined as the study of the behavior and human mind. Factors which influencing our behavior include physical, emotions, thoughts and social. It can help to solve humans’

Effective Communication in the Business Meetings Free Essays

string(270) " how to overcome the fear\? overcoming the fear can be done by making sure the topic is known, analyzing the audience competently, knowing the speech content well, recognizing value and uniqueness, and focusing on communicating with the audience instead of on the fear\." Effective Communication in Business Meetings The great management guru Peter Drucker once said, â€Å"Business communication is all about understanding what has not been said. † Especially today business communication is one of important factors to be successful in the changeling business environment because during opened working environment one can meet lots of others for discussing but how to make an effective communication in business meetings? There are some of factors to impact deeply on result of an effective communication in the business meetings as clear goal or objective, careful planning, use materials, communication skills and conflict management. People may ignore to be involved in meetings, if they know their time will not be useful or non-productivity. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Communication in the Business Meetings or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meetings should be completely carried out periodically or prepare urgently (if required) during work running of any organization. There are ways to spend the time more effectively. First factor considers here is goal or objective of business meeting. The goal or objective is built basing on actual situation of works what need to solve or make a decision, even just making a relationship. A business meeting without goal or objective considers as one walks around without home port, especially today’s challenging business environment is more focused in result. Imaginably there is no specifically stated desired outcome of the meeting so that is no point in availability the meeting. The goal or objective impacts people on gathering includes, but not limited to: communicating information, problem solving, team building, and making decision. Scheduling or preparation, communication, conflict management and follow-up are some of key factors to make sure that meetings are productive and efficient and that is being more essential in the today’s complicated working environment. The key for achieving the goal is an advance planning by everyone involved in the meeting. Detailed planning is a guideline to build an effective business meeting. Planning for meeting will support attendees to have a visualizing in advance how the meeting will be organized, where meeting attendees will sit, who will present in the meeting and how long the presentations will last. The meeting time and location should be confirmed one day before meeting to support attendees having a proper arrangement. Besides the meeting location should be able to accommodate all guests, convenient location, technological capabilities, and a comfortable condition. When the ocation has been determined, next important step is to start researching the information needed for the presentation, creating an agenda. The agenda should start with a quick objective or goal reminder, followed by the time frame allotted to each presentation. Research and investigation are perhaps the most important piece of planning an effective business meeting, which will help discover, summarize and organize the topic of the meeting. By making a convincing argument on the topic, the part icipants will be able to provide facts, instances, and definitions to support the subject. There are five main sources that can provide information for presentations. First of all is personal experience. Personal experience reflects the flow of thoughts and meanings persons bring to their immediate situations. The second resource is internet, especially in the 21st centuries which is considering as era of information technology. The goal is to improve the ability of people from all walks of life and interests to access, search, and use the information distributed in Internet resources. According to Usunier, Roulin (2010, Apr), â€Å"there is no geographic limitation to Internet access and suppliers in any country can create Web sites containing information and dialogue content† (p. 189-227). Using a search engine is becoming more common in finding research. Instead of using search engines, online libraries are also available to support for finding research. Third resource is written and visual resources in different channels as magazines, journals, newspapers, books, broadcasts, and documentaries which can be consulted for information, arguments, and evidence for presentation in the meeting. The fourth resource is research methodology. Appropriate methodology is taking short time to find out the needed information. Pullin (2010, Oct) states â€Å"the research methodology was qualitative in nature and, to ensure scientific rigor, a multi-method approach was taken in collecting and analyzing the data† (p. 460). The fifth source is other people. In order to accurately use other people as a source is also a shortest way to help presenter receiving needed information for meeting, but presenter should clarify the provided information as doing an informational interview with the person. Research can make the presenter feel more confident in communicating the presentation, and as a result, the presentation will be more powerful. â€Å"The vital elements of the communication process are the source, encoding, the message, the medium, decoding, the receiver, and feedback. An understanding of those components can help you design effective conversation communication programs† (Jacobson, 2009, p. 12). Those components will be handled easily by effective communication skills, which are essential in conducting a successful business meeting. Communication is an art which is not mastered by all so an effective communicator should be taken clearly when sending or receiving the messages. â€Å"Effective communication is one where you are able to send and receive messages in a clear, coherent manner overcoming all the barriers† (Bardia, 2010, p. 29). People listen to what is being said and engage in dialogue. Communication skills include: influencing, negotiation, making an impact, dealing with conflict and dealing difficult people. Business research has identified communication apprehension as a problem for improving communication skills. Aly (2005) states â€Å"communication apprehension as an individual level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons† (p. 98). When a speaker gives a speech in front of a large group of people, seemingly anxiety and fidgeting produce interfering, off-task thoughts and its result is apparent of word jumping or increased rhythm of heart that inhibit skill development. Public speaking is a common source of stress for everyone. Many of us would like to avoid this problem entirely, but this is hard to do. Once there is determination as how to overcome the fear? overcoming the fear can be done by making sure the topic is known, analyzing the audience competently, knowing the speech content well, recognizing value and uniqueness, and focusing on communicating with the audience instead of on the fear. You read "Effective Communication in the Business Meetings" in category "Papers" Some other strategies that can ensure the meeting is effective are clarifying, confirming and summarizing. Making sure that the purpose of the meeting is clarified will reduce any chances of the audience misunderstanding the content. By asking the audience questions, or answering their questions, we can confirm that everyone understands. This is true when summarizing is used. By summarizing all the information at the end of the presentation, the presenter is, once again, making sure the information was understood. An effective communication in meetings is not only solely responsible for speaker but also share the burden those who attend the meeting. An active listening communication strategy will help ensure a successful meeting. Urquhart (2004) states â€Å"these four steps to become a more active listener: Hearing, feedback and interpretation, evaluation and response† (p. 3). â€Å"Hearing involves paying attention to what the speaker is saying and being sure it is heard† (Urquhart, 2004). The message will be encoded and understood by showing out the feedback and interpretation. On the way, the feedback will support speaker find out and correct any misunderstanding. The listener may be able to ask the question until the listener is sure that message is encoded and understood accurately. Finally, listener will decide what to do with the information given by the speaker. During a meeting, there is a good chance that two or more members of the group will disagree. That is also to let us to see the matter as others aspects. The disagreement may result in conflict. An effective communicator should know how to deal with conflict. There are five steps to help organizations deal with conflict in a constructive way as follows: 1. Recognizing that the conflict exists. 2. Finding common ground by putting the conflict in the context of the larger goal of the team and the organization. 3. Understanding all the perspectives of the issue, this means that everyone is not required to agree with the opposing views. 4. Attacking the issue and not the members of the team. 5. Developing an action plan that describes how each member of the team will solve the problem or issue. By following above mentioned steps during a meeting, the conflicts will be able to deal with in a opened-mind, cooperative manner. To require an understanding the goal of a meeting or presentation the speaker should be able to understand of what the final outcome and what is trying to reach. By the way to make a successful meeting, presenter should have a worst result of what meeting will be as misunderstanding or responded disagreement. In order to establish that the goals of the meeting have been met, the audience is not only taking an active part but also the presenter must make the audience interested in the topic along with meeting significance of the topic. There are two important questions to support presenter clarifying the goal or objective. First, what do I want my audience to know or do as a result of my speech? Second, how will I know if I am successful? Being clear those questions is the audience’s feedback. Feedback is recognized by immediate behavior change from the audience and asking question to audience also on the way to get feedback. The follow up actions to the presentation or meeting consist of any actions that are to be determined at a later time. Minute and any decisions made at the meeting must be noted and distributed to all parties involved. Delegations of assignments are to be noted and follow up must be carried out. Besides, additional meetings might be necessary if the final outcome is not clear or decisions are not probably made. In conclusion, an effective meeting is determined to conduct by several strategies. Meetings are productive and efficient when we incorporate all of above-mentioned ideal. Careful planning and clear goal or objectives are the key factor as well as choosing the suitable time and right location for the meeting. Being prepared presentation for the meeting is also very important, there is irresponsible if anyone going to a meeting and not being prepared, it may send the wrong message to the others in the meeting. The meeting is unsuccessful if any key factor is missing. Visualizing how the meeting will unfold if the meeting is held in the noise location. Besides, an active listening communication strategy as giving feedback and asking question will help ensure a successful meeting. Getting the audience involved in the meeting will create a more productive meeting. Also, by asking the audience to evaluate and respond to the information provided will allow them to participate in the discussion and make suggestions on ways to find a solution. On the way, focusing goals and working on solutions during the meeting can influence others being interested in the meeting and being more involved. We all know that the anxiety will appear by various points of view when speaking in front of a large group or even a small group and it will reduce when we make confidence by ourselves experiences, communication skills and also well prepared. Communication skills and experience are only cumulative by taking more serious. If you appear nervous or unsure; the audience may lose interest in the topic. The speaker should always be prepared, analyze the audience, and focus on the subject matter. Other strategies that can ensure for an effective meeting are clarifying the topic, confirming that the audience understands the information given, and summarize all the information at the end of the meeting. We have also learned that conflict is part of business meeting to help attendees have a several looking for one matter and by the way supporting to make decisions. Keep in mind, not everyone will agree with what you are saying, therefore; we should try to have an open mind and try to find common ground. Do not attack the other members of the team, because they may not agree with you, simply attack the issue at hand. Conflict isn’t actually good or bad, the way is how we deal with it. Developing an action plan as a team may allow the other members to feel that the problem can be worked out in a respectful, professional manner. Conducting effective business meetings will definitely help to improve productivity at the workplace. Almost meeting will be stressful, but by the way to make everyone involved interestingly that the meetings are well planned, organized, and allow the attendees to discuss possible solutions to solve the problems what they arise. Productive meetings are not only making a unity between groups but also teaching us essential communication skills, cumulate costly experience and how to manage conflict. Finally, during these meetings we practice problem solving, idea sharing and incorporate creativity that will eventually lead to a successful business environment. How to cite Effective Communication in the Business Meetings, Papers

Global Financial Crisis Which Is Caused USA-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Global Financial Crisis Which Is Caused USA? Answer: Introducation The global monetary crisis, generally denoting the US 2008 great recession was caused by numerous factors, all taking place simultaneously and at the end led to a severe decline in the entire global economy .Financial crisis are usually characterized by declined inflations and rising of the rates of unemployment. These financial states follow periods of high growth in economy also referred to as boom (Scott, 2013). This global fiscal crisis devastated both trade and consumers self-assurance in several countries. Considering its severe effects it was termed as great recession and led to high financial meltdown spreading out at an alarming rate in every corner of the whole world. It was noted as the most horrible case of the economic slump after the huge global depression faced following the Second World War (Scott, 2013). In regard to many economists, this global financial crisis mainly came up because of the abrupt busting of house bubble in US, caused by the fast growth of flawed directives of sub -prime mortgages. In order to understand this global financial crisis, this research has analyzed both the consequences and causes of this great financial crisis (Scott, 2013). Business cycle vs. Global Financial Crisis Business cycles comprises of periodic variations in economic activities, such as production and employment. The usual cycle entails a rise in an activity up to when it reaches its highest point or peak, and then followed by a drop in both the output and employment till the economy reaches its low point, referred to as a trough (Scott, 2013). In reference to the Austrian business cycle theory, economic growth is viable if it comes as a result of increased investment funded by higher savings. Contrary to this, financial bang that is as a result of growth in credit is unsustainable. In the cases where the creation of credit made by the financial system surpasses the rate of saving by the society, the monetary mediators end up giving out loans at rates of interest which are below the standards where market forces clear in the market. Information is hence attached in marketplace prices is misleading, affecting entrepreneurial decisions and causes improper allocation of the resources in the entire economy (Reinhart Rogoff, 2013). As a result, many capital goods and inadequate consumer goods will are produced in relation to the final consumer inclinations. As the capital goods miss out on demand, production capacity runs dormant and the boom caused by the credit expansion bust.The 2002-2007 expansion was described by both accommodation and the residential real estate boom. This boom ascertained to be unsustainable and closely followed by bust in both financial markets and economy at large which led to the global financial crisis commonly referred to as the great recession (Crotty, 2013). Economic business sequence indicators Business sequences are hard to foresee, but some gauges, referred to as indicators, are able to give indications to business managers, shareholders, and the officials of the administration officials on the state of commerce cycles. Three main categories of business cycle indicators have been pointed out founded on timing: leading indicators, coincident indicators and lagging indicators. These indicators are put in place mainly to foresee both the troughs and peaks of trade cycles in the USA and other 10 nations around the world, including Australia, China, Germany, France and Mexico (Scott, 201). Leading indicators They are measures of the financial activities whereby the shifts can foretell the start of a business cycle. Some of the leading pointers comprise and not limited to weekly average working time in manufacturing sector, the order of goods placed by factories and the stock prices. A rise or turn down in these measures could send an indication on the commencement of a business cycle. These indicators are given much concentration due to their behavior to shift in go forward of business cycles (Scott, 2013). Lagging indicators Lagging indicators entails the measures varying after the market has already gone into an era of variation. These indicators are: the standard unemployment length, the cost of labor per manufacturing unit productivity, standard prime rate, customer price index and the profitable loaning activities. These indicators are ignored sometimes because of their tendency to change the direction after the economy moves into a business cycle. However, they can give valuable insights on structural economy problems (Scott, 2013). Coincident indicators They usually consist of the aggregate financial activity measures that adjust with the advancement in the trade cycle. They aid in the definition of business cycles. Examples of these indicators are the rate of unemployment, industrial production and the levels of personal incomes (Crotty, 2013). Causes of the Global financial crisis In response to this crucial question, most of the Americans are likely to mention something to do with subprime mortgages, bankruptcy of the Lehman brothers, or the Wall Street greed. But these were these factors really enough to cause such a catastrophic economic downturn? While these risky mortgages and dubious financial market activities played a very important role in fueling the conditions which later on brought such an economic collapse, there exist other structural problems mainly with the manner in which the US economy created the demand growth in the decades preceding to this great recession (Scott, 2013). These underlying factors generated conditions that made this crisis almost inevitable. They include; The burst of Subprime mortgages and housing bubble. It is very clear that there were no regulations to govern the subprime mortgages and where these mortgage companies could trade mortgages without considering whether the buyers could pay back. On March 2007 it is predicted that the subprime mortgages in US was at $1.3 trillion and also with about 7.5 million unsettled subprime mortgages. This was due to subprime mortgage rising to almost 21% of the entire origination of mortgage via the climax of the housing bubble of the US. The enormous majority of subprime mortgages were as a result of massive foreclosures hence greatly affecting the institutions and the individual mortgage brokers who were not under Community Reinvestment Act cover. It thus indirectly led to a slow growth and started a fall on the consumer spending and investment (Scott, 2013). The Credit Crunch The high subprime mortgages evasions had caused credit crunch which narrowed to an abrupt shortage of money and hence resulting to decline in the available lends by the banks. Many commercial and even investment banks went through massive losses as a result of these mortgage loans. Banks as a result became very reluctant to give out loans to people and even other banks leading to a decline in funds circulating in money markets (Scott, 2013). National debt and the Budget deficit In the year 2007 the US debt was reading 65 percent of the GDP and became even worse after the inclusion of pension liabilities. At such a huge budget arrears the government of the United States automatically had a small fiscal policy expansion capability since the demographics were against the fiscal stability hence worsening the deficit. This budget deficit led to challenges in attracting the flow of capital as the Asian investors who were aware of this deficit reduced the capital flow to US leading to devaluation of the dollar (Scott, 2013). The Low interest rate The monetary authorities in US had accustomed the rates of interest to strange levels leading to a boom in debt-finance consumption which led its way all through to boosting the housing bubble. It is also claimed that the interest rates in US were stayed too low for a very long time to an extent of even standing at 1 percent in 2003 and 2004. This activated the great financial crisis. The monetary policy in US is also criticized for its failure to undertake the overrated benefit bubble while backing up the fast expansion in subprime mortgages (Shiller,2012). The House crash US house markets play very important roles as bases of consumers expenditure and the rate of economic growth. Several factors contributed to the house price increasing faster than the consumers earning, and as a result it led to overvalued assets. It has been noted that the house prices increased very fast until 2006 and then declined after the boom. When the prices went down to adjust this imbalance, it had a major effects on the consumers spending where people were not able to get extra money for spending (Scott, 2013). Devaluation of the dollar In reference to the economic theory, a decrease in exchange rates ultimately helps in increasing the exports and encouraging the growth in the sector of exports. The decline in the dollar value however led to cost-push inflation and eventually to a decline in the living standards where goods for consumption were very expensive hence leading to reduced individual spending power. This dollar deterioration made US less competitive as compared to its trading partners (Frankel Saravelos, 2014). The Collapse of Lehman brothers Collapse of Lehman brothers on the year 2008 marked the onset of a new page in global crisis. All the governments around the world struggled to liberate financial institutions as the consequences from both the stock market and housing collapse became worse. Many of these institutions continued to face very serious liquidity problems (Gordon, 2012). The consequences of Global financial crisis After anguish all the way through the greatest and deepest monetary turn down from the years of 1930s, the U.S. is 8 years precede ting the bureaucratic end of the immense financial crisis. GDP and the stock market have showed some improvements, the economic effects of this great financial crisis still reverberate through the U.S. economy (Epstein, 2013). Consequences on the Labor market Labor market statistics indicate that about 14 million Americans are still jobless with 6.3 million not working for more than six months. 11.3 million People are not working up to their wishes. Growth in job is positive although very slow, and at current increase rate, it possibly will take ten years or even more than this to restore this 5% rate of unemployment (Arnold, 2014). Consequences on the house market A number of homes experienced financial crisis and its result has subsided somewhat, but the housing market is not changing and home prices reach new lows in first quarter of the year 2011 (Plain Hesse, 2014). Consequences on the economy The market aggravation has demonstrated vital holes between incomes and spending in the state and furthermore the local spending plans, the stock market system misfortunes uncovered underfunded the pension plans across the nation. The foreseen long term results of budgetary crisis imply that every one of the states should set up some optional cuts and enormous taxes to have the capacity to accomplish the adjusted spending plans (San, 2012). Conclusion The Global financial crisis brings about a realistic emphasis much of the general message as conveyed above. Facts of the occasions leading to this crisis are very complex, but when considered as a whole, this relic confirms the important part played by the demand as a driving force of recent economies over an extensive period of time. Demand is a very important thing for the enactment of emerging economies beyond just short-run business cycles, and policy cannot also be taken for granted since demand generation wont be adequate to maintain full employment, even over period-long horizons. Furthermore, in todays historical era, the key drivers of demand have been historic changes of income distribution joined with the dynamics of financial uncertainty. Generally, the majority of the population is recovering from this financial crisis and the consequences it had on personal finances and financial security. Americans feel that credit is adequately available to them. However, despite these assurance reasons about the economic conditions in the United States, the findings highlight that economic challenges still remain for a significant percentage of the population. References Arnold, P. J. (2014). Worldwide money related emergency: The test to bookkeeping research. Bookkeeping, organizations and society, 23(5), 834-845. Crotty, J. (2013). Auxiliary reasons for the worldwide monetary emergency: a basic appraisal of the 'new financial design'. Cambridge diary of financial aspects, 36(5), 654-674. Epstein, G. A. (Ed.). (2013). Financialization and the world economy. Edward Elgar Distributing. Frankel, J., and Saravelos, G. (2014). Can driving markers survey nation powerlessness? Proof from the 2008 09 worldwide monetary emergency. Diary of Universal Financial matters, 90(1), 212-214. Gordon, R. J. (2012). It is safe to say that us is monetary development over? Wavering advancement goes up against the six headwinds (No. w11115). National Agency of Financial Exploration. Plain, N., and Hesse, H. (2014). Monetary overflows to developing markets amid the worldwide money relatedcrisis (No. 6-89). Universal Financial Store Reinhart, C. M., and Rogoff, K. S. (2013). Is the 2007 US sub-prime budgetary emergency so San, M.S., 2012. Global financial accounting crisis. Plastic Rainbow Book Publication. Scott, H.J., 2013.Global financial crisis. Nova Science Publishers. Shiller, R. J. (2012). The subprime arrangement: how the present worldwide monetary emergency happened, and what to do about it. Princeton Coll

The Poems That Are Depicted In The Book By Hall And The Book By Kenyon

The poems that are depicted in the book by Hall and the book by Kenyon are different in their topics and expression of their ideas. Though these poets seem to be different in their work; they both seem to share a common thread. That thread is the love that Hall and Kenyon have for each other. This is shown in the poem Alone for a Week by Jane Kenyon and an untitled poem from pg. 11 of Donald Hall Without. Though Kenyon's poem deals with more of a feeling of loneliness and yearning for the return that will come. Hall's poem is about remembrance of the one he loved and yearnings for something that he knows will not return but has to be dealt with. If we look at the poem Alone for a Week by Jane Kenyon we see the details that show her love for Hall. We see her alone at home while Hall is out of town. So she must do things to keep her self busy while he is gone to take her mind of the fact that he is gone. By Kenyon's word choice we get the feeling that the short time that he is gone seem s much longer to her then it really is. She uses phrases to express this, ...your pillow plump, cool... These give the impression that the pillow has not been used in a long time, as if it may never be warmed again. But throughout the poem she is hopeful of his return soon. Smolen 2 The untitled poem by Hall conversely is not hopeful of the return of his wife; the reality of it has already hit him and passed. Now all he has to live with is small, but memorable moments that may have seemed trivial to them at the moment. These moments now are all he has to remember his wife by. The sense of love that is found in the Kenyon poem is still there though. The way that he lovingly describes her. Just his choice of words seem to convey the love that he had and still does of his love. When she was forty she came into her beauty... this passage reflects his love that grew more and more as the older they got. This poem has a much darker and sadder feel to it then the slightly carefree feeling that the Kenyon poem has. Though it feels darker than the Kenyon poem it still has a loving feel to it, not just sadness and regret. The poems in Jane Kenyon's OTHERWISE seem to be more about her experiences. Full of scenes of her life, but mostly of her time with Hall and also mostly of time spent in New Hampshire. On the other hand the pictures that Hall paints for us in his book WITHOUT, is one after the death of his wife. This causes most of the poems to be of the sadness and loss that Hall feels after losing the woman of his life. Though these poems seem to be about two different themes, they both show the way that these two people both had immense feelings for each other. To them it did not matter what happened they would get through it no matter what, I am Telly Savalas

The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Research Paper Example

The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Research Paper Example The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Paper The Social and Economic Effects of Volcanic Eruptions Paper Essay Topic: Sociology Although there are many hazards on a physical geographic scale associated with volcanic eruptions, it is important not to neglect the havoc which also engulfs the social and economic world. Both social and economic effects occur on a spatial and temporal scale causing significant repercussions in a regional, national and even a global context. It is not only the initial eruption but the continuous secondary hazards, such as, lahars, pyroclastic flows and tsunamis that have the major impact on economic and social structures. It is these factors that are responsible for the great social losses in the sense of belonging and society, the human loss of life and the huge economic losses incurred from damaged infrastructures, business interactions and the general cost of re-building. It is therefore ironic that these great economic and social impacts often affect the most vulnerable people in the world. Global Economic Pressures The pattern of financial interactions between the industrialised North and Third World has significantly changed in the light of decolonisation. Demand in both agricultural and mineral exports dependant to many Third World countries has steadily declined, whereas imports have maintained high price rates, often leading countries to incur significant foreign debts. For example, Africa debt servicing amounts to approximately 40-50% of export earnings (ROAPE, 1990). Outcomes to such economic crisis and pressures has resulted in, on one hand, the intensification of natural resource exportation leading to further forestry and soil degradation, thus increasing natural disaster vulnerability (Tierney, 1992). On the other hand, reduction in public spending results in inadequate facilities; education, hospital welfare and safe infrastructures which are able to cope with natural disasters. Increase in vulnerability of a significant proportion of the urban population to natural disasters. This results from the fact that property owners faced with such high mortgage interest rates simply ignore maintenance. (Ford, 1987) Social Aspects vulnerability to hazard warnings Although there have been several successful evacuations through effective warning schemes, e.g., Mt Pinatubo, Mt Etna, a number of serious social negative effects may also result. Within these areas many sick and elderly people died due to the communal camp living conditions present in the evacuation areas. Cyclonic rainfall compounded volcanic ash falls exacerbating the unhealthy living conditions. In other cases panic evacuation along with the threat of blighted property and falling price values also affect the social matrix of the target area. Consequently, the risk of legal action can even make prediction in such areas politically unacceptable. It has often been argued that mass and total evacuation could constitute a disaster with a greater impact than that of a natural phenomenon. It has been stated that traffic problems and accidents could occur on a Herculean scale, crime and looting, great economic loss and an acute difficulty in maintaining public services on a regional and national basis could occur in addition to the increased risk to public health. In particular risks to public health would typically affect the displaced population, often through inadequate sanitation, the psychiatric stress of uncertainty and anxiety. Consequently great social and economic problems are often incurred. This is often exacerbated in evacuation situations and when predictions are subsequently wrong. For example, in 1976 73000 people were evacuated from the Caribbean Island of Guadeloupe in the Lesser Antilles. They remained displaced for a three and a half month period resulting in huge economic losses and great social strain on both the population and government. The volcano never erupted with only minor activity observed (Blong, 1984). In contrast, the products from volcanic eruptions can be highly beneficial to society (fertile soils). In 1992, Cerro Negro erupted near Leon in Nicaragua. A thick layer of ash was subsequently deposited giving rise to economic concerns involving agricultural practices. However, within 10 months farmers were reaping the benefits of bumper harvests (Baxter, 1993). Such benefits consequently constitute an extremely powerful social and economic force. In fact it has been suggested that people inhabiting these high-risk zones for such natural benefits are gamblers by nature. Policy Response and Mitigation On a positive note volcanic disasters can be used to change unjust social and economic structures. Popular development organisations can capitalise on a disaster event to challenge and possibly change vulnerable, unjust political, social and economic structures; Disasters will often set up a dynamic in which social structures can be overturned, and relief and rehabilitation judiciously applied can help change the status quo; while projects will be the models will be the models in micro-cosm that can be used to demonstrate to government the possibilities of a variety of ways of working. (Holloway, 1989) Secondly, Andersons and Woodrows (1989) notion of rising from the ashes depicts the strengthening of local institutions and the increased capability of families to reduce their own vulnerability. Is just as much a product of socio-economic factors as technical ones. The best hope for a communities recovery in a disaster is to have a history of strong organisation; it is to this end that local institutions must direct their efforts. (Dudley, 1988) Thirdly, disasters provide an opportunity to develop effective risk assessment with good cost-benefit arguments for protective measures. For example, In La Paz, Bolivia the World Bank has been offering encouragement to the Local Authorities. They calculated that disaster prevention would cost approximately US$ 500 000 in 1987 and a total of US$2.5 million (US$2.50 per capita) was needed. This amount in cost alone is greatly exceeded by annual losses incurred through natural disasters (estimated as being US$8 per capita). Therefore with this minimal level of funding, disaster mitigation could be both affordable and cost-effective to La-Pazs needs (Plessis-Fraissard, 1989) In conclusion, the impact of volcanic eruptions will only be minimised when decision-makers become more educated and aware that there is no such thigh as a natural disaster; at most, there is a conjuncture of certain physical happenings and certain social happenings.

What you need to know about background checks for your next job

What you need to know about background checks for your next job Let’s get right to the facts about this one. You should expect an employment background check on the path to your next job. Conservative estimates show nearly three quarters of all employers perform some sort of background check on every new hire. While mandated by law in some cases, clearing a background check is a necessary condition for the great majority of new hires. The number one concern for employers is workplace safety.For precisely that reason, employment background checks include multiple dimensions and draw from several sources of information. Employers use background checks to determine the risk a candidate represents regarding occupational safety, criminal behavior (e.g., theft, violence, bribery), and creating hostile working conditions.The specifics of what an employment background check includes differ according to the role, organization, or industry. Almost one half of candidates say they are unsure of what employers are investigating during an employment bac kground check. Between 30 and 50 percent include reviewing a candidate’s credit history.Though estimates vary, at least nine percent (.pdf) of all employment background checks reveal derogatory information about a candidate. Our research shows that one-third of all jobseekers are concerned that information in their background will interfere with getting hired.Yet for many good candidates, an instance of background blight on its own is not enough to disqualify. But it does involve an additional set of conversations between the candidate and employer to determine whether past mistakes are relevant to the current job and future performance.Some basics of employment background checksEmployment background checks are often conducted by third-party vendors. Therefore, jobseekers should become aware of their rights under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), which governs such transactions.As mentioned earlier, background checks investigate several areas of a candidate’s histo ry. Because workplace safety is paramount, nearly every candidate is investigated for criminal history. For most candidates, a background check will also include confirming identity, employment history, education, and professional credentials.For some roles, ongoing illegal drug use is a focus, and may require a pre-employment drug test. Other roles will look at DMV records and driving history. Less common are medical history and Workers’ Compensation claims.Some candidates can expect more rigorous background checks. Positions of high trust will necessitate additional scrutiny, especially handling valuable assets or offsite work on another’s property. The same applies to positions that involve driving, operating tools or machinery, or handling hazardous materials.Senior managers, especially those with fiduciary responsibilities, can expect scrutiny of their financial history, as can anyone in a position to bribe or be bribed. And candidates being hired for roles that e xpose them to confidential or secure information, including trade secrets and intellectual property assets, will also be investigated thoroughly.The three things to sweatWhat you say about yourself not matching what the employer finds in your background check reportOne rule of thumb for clearing a background check is whether â€Å"candidates are who they say they are.† Employers can make a case for hiring a candidate who has been upfront about a prior lapse of judgment. But employers cannot do so with candidates found having a current lapse of judgment in representing themselves truthfully. The most common areas that candidates falsify are education, professional credentials, and employment history. When discovered, it is an immediate deal breaker, even if you’re the CEO.If in doubt, contact the applicable keeper of records. It is very easy for employers to do, and likewise for job candidates wanting to verify their past accomplishments.False, inaccurate, or misleading information appearing in your background checkAs much as you’ve been truthful about yourself, you can’t necessarily expect the system to vouch for you. Background checks can and do contain wrong information, which can cost jobseekers dearly.Data brokering is a sketchy and unregulated business, operating in a legal grey area and increasingly outside of U.S. jurisdiction. Even post-GDPR, custodians of your background data have neither the resources nor the incentives to maintain its integrity. That includes reporting bureaus with whom employers contract for background checks, and especially the sources from which they scrape your background data.It is a good idea for all jobseekers to do as much detective work on themselves as possible. Start by ordering a free credit report. Always request a copy of an employer background check report if your state allows it. Do what you can to obtain DMV and court records, along with any prior background check reports. Consider using a paid service if any doubts linger.Derogatory background information bringing about the end of the conversationIf your background contains a criminal conviction, it does not necessarily mean an automatic disqualification.Most employers treat discovery of derogatory background information on a case-by-case basis. As a rule, it is handled very conscientiously and discreetly, and only among need-to-know persons, typically the recruiter or an HR representative and the legal department. Together they review the facts and determine how best to proceed to ensure fairness and regulatory compliance, yet maintain workplace safety.When should a candidate with derogatory background information discuss it with an employer?  Experts advise one of two courses. If it relates to something fundamental about performing the job (e.g., a candidate for a driving job having a DUI conviction), then it needs to be discussed early in the process. That allows both the candidate and the recruiter to determi ne whether there is a workaround. If on the other hand, it is not directly relevant to performing the job, then it should be brought up later, at the point when it is clear to the candidate that a job offer is probable.In either case, the candidate needs to demonstrate that as an exit of the criminal justice system, the past has been resolved, present obligations are being satisfied, and the future represents no greater risk to the employer than any other candidate. It also provides the candidate with a unique opportunity to apply the tried and true CAR technique to demonstrate his or her value, in an extraordinarily vivid and impressive way.The bottom lineBackground checks are often complicated. Employers must follow numerous regulations and procedures, which are subject to frequent change. Therefore, employers are typically advised against having a blanket background check policy.For jobseekers, it is worthwhile to find out what employers see. Anything you can do to make things ea sier for the employer is mutually beneficial. Show that you are low risk, and use your experiences to demonstrate your value just like any other top candidate. And always be truthful, no matter what’s in your background.LiveCareer  offers assistance to job seekers at every step of the journey. Access free  resume templates  and  resume examples, plus a  cover letter builder  and advice on how to answer  interview questions  of all stripes.

The Princeton Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Princeton Review - Research Paper Example This method is so far the most effective method of inviting students to take part in the survey. For a student’s opinion to be included in the surveys data, it must be submitted through the prescribed medium like online. In addition, only one survey for each student per academic year per institution qualifies to be included in the sample data. In addition, the student must complete all sections of the survey, which include about yourself, the school academics, student and life at school. The results collected from the survey data may not be scientific. This is because the survey is conducted on a continuous basis and the results are used in subsequent rankings. This can affect the results because there can be differing answers due to the change in situations in the learning institutions. However, the main reason why the results can be said to be far from scientific is due to the process, which the data is collected. First, scientific data gathering is based on hypothesis and data driven science. In scientific survey, a hypothesis is formed, and the data collected to prove or disapprove the hypothesis. In addition, scientific surveys are data driven, and the data used to show patterns. They also involve observations such as field studies rather than surveys, which are used by Princeton review. In addition, in scientific surveys, there is use of calculations that are supported by physical laws in their fields but this cannot be relevant in surveys used by Princeton re view. Lastly, collection of results does not use non-random samples of the populations. For example, specific people are used to conduct such surveys, and this affects the findings relating to the entire population. This undermines objective surveys in the learning institutions and does not reflect the views of the whole population hence not being scientific. Selection bias occurs when the interviewer

The Port Hedland case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Port Hedland case study - Essay Example Finally the author justifies her choice of strategies, the limitations and methods that can be used to overcome the limitations. Community planning and development is an essential component of all developed and developing economies. There are many different reasons for community planning and development to take center stage in any local government initiative. The reason for this is because unless communities are planned and developed effectively the individuals living and working in those communities would suffer from various different hardships. These hardships would depend on the scale and the inadequacy of the different amenities that have been provided by the communities. The more amenities that are provided by a community the more that community will thrive and therefore effective community planning and development is an essential. A community can be loosely defined as a group of individuals living in a common marked off location. These individuals will form separate family and living units, but still they will be interdependent on each other and may even contribute to one another's well being through social networks and through products and services that the manufacture, sell and provide. For instance any small village or part of a village can be considered as a community unit. As it will consist of individuals of different age groups and from different parts of society fulfilling different roles whether and contributing in one way or another to the group (Bhattacharyya, 2004). Amongst those who contribute will also be those who do not and can be detrimental to the community unit. Reasons for community development and planning to be necessary As stated above the more amenities a community has the better it is for the living standards of those living in the community. For instance if the community has adequate public health facilities and educational facilities for children, that would help the community to be healthy and productive, which benefits the entire community through its economic development. When there is adequate educational facilities for the children that ensure that the future of the community, which is in the hands of the future generation will be very secure. From the stand point of a nation, better planned the communities throughout the nation are - the more healthier, more educated and the more productive the citizens would be in the long term, which in turn will benefit the entire nation. The Issues of inadequate community development and planning Since the report has looked at the necessity for appropriate community development and planning, in this section of the report the author will focus her attention on the issues that can arise from inadequate community development and planning. Social inequality amongst the individuals, Economic inequalities and Political inequalities are some of the disadvantages that have to be faced by a nation that does not pay adequate attention to the proper development and planning of its communities (Kellogg, 2002) Therefore in this section the author will focus on those three areas and the type of inequalities that can arise from the inadequate amenities being provided to the communities. Social Inequality When amenities like adequate public h

There are many threats to global food supplies Essay Example for Free

There are many threats to global food supplies Essay The food security is a potential crisis to the world in terms of food supplies and food safety while the global population is projected to reach 9 billion by 2050 (Black, 2010). This essay, first of all, willjust focus on the threats to global food supplies from two main aspects: the threats caused by the objective factors in a broad sense, and the challenges attributed to the subjective factors which closely related to the human behavior.After the analysis of the problems, a number of feasible solutions will be suggested with the implications which will be further discussed accordingly. Â  Although population,conditions of technology and economy, and climate changes seem to be correlated with the human beings, they are both factors which cannot be changed by a simple policy or a short-term plan less than a decade. Therefore, in this essay, they are classified into the objective factors challenging the food supplies. As iscommonly known, population booming will directly lead to the severe shortage of land and water which are essential to the food production. Weak conditions in terms of technology and economy accelerate the ‘yield gap’ and aggravate the threat, making the poor area more vulnerable (Godfray, et al, 2010).Also, extreme weather along with the deterioration of global climate will damage the crops. Climate changes including global warming will change the seasonal patterns of pollination for crops which would influence their production (Slaght, 2012). Â   On the other hand, human factors contain more complicated reasons which are different from nations and industries. Generally, several main reasons can be concluded: mismanagement on ecosystems causes the dramatic decline in some species which eventually leads to the reduction of food supply(Slaght, 2012). Along with the regional industrialization, the exportations offruit and vegetables to developed countries displace local staple crops, which indirectly impacts the undeveloped areas suffering further from the malnourishment (Slaght, 2012). Besides, food waste du ring the transportation and processing, retail and home stages comprises a large proportion both in developed and developing countries (Godfray, et al, 2010).

Free College Essays - The Tragic and Serious Othello :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Othello

Othello  Ã‚   Tragic and Serious Othello, a play by William Shakespeare, takes place in Venice during the invasion of the island of Cyprus by the Turks. The protagonist of the story, Othello, is a newlywed, Moorish general with a very gullible nature. The antagonist of the story is Iago, an officer under Othello who wishes to be promoted to lieutenant, but the position was given to the young and attractive Cassio. Other major characters in the play are Desdemona, Othello's wife who is accused of having an affair with Cassio. In addition, there are Roderigo, a Venetian who is deeply in love with Desdemona; and Emilia (Iago's wife) who could have prevented the death of Desdemona. The tone of the story is tragic and serious. Meanwhile, there isn't any point of view because this is a play and a play doesn't normally have a narrator. Shakespeare lets the reader make up his/her own imagination with the characters' words and behavior. Since Othello is the protagonist, he is explained in more detail. Although Othello is a brave warrior, he is a jealous person; his jealousy also prevails over his good sense. The whole play depicts the fact that jealousy causes corruption. There are many conflicts found in Othello, and person vs. person is one of them. An example is when Iago seeks revenge against Othello and Cassio because of his anger and jealousy. Person vs. society appears when Desdemona's father Brabantio, disapproves her marriage to Othello because he is several years older than Desdemona, from a different class, and a different race. An internal conflict of person vs. himself is found when Othello is in a dilemma about whether or not should he believe that Des demona is being unfaithful to him. Othello loves and trusts Desdemona until his jealousy is aroused by the cruel manipulations of Iago. Iago's intention was to persuade Othello to believe that Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio. As Iago succeeds in convincing Othello that Desdemona is guilty of adultery, it leads to the climax of the play. And so Othello must face emotions he can't deal with. His jealousy drives him insane, and his judgment is replaced with anger and hate. At this time, the reader notices that the death of Desdemona is inevitable. Othello smothers her, and he eventually kills himself when he knows that Iago falsely accused Desdemona. This also represents the tragedy of the play.

Hispanic Americans in the United States Essay

Abstract Over the past several decades, the United States has become a much more diverse country. Immigration from most if not all countries throughout the world are the reason for this. A large portion of the immigrants that make up our country are Hispanics. Hispanics aren’t just made up of one group of people, but rather several groups from different countries of the world including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Central America, and South America. They differ in many ways from one another including but not limited to their method of entry into the United States, the color of their skin, traditions, culture, political background, musical trends, and lifestyle. In many ways, Hispanics are disadvantaged from non-Hispanic whites. This has been the way since they first came to the United States. If it wasn’t for the color of their skin and for some of them, their dialect or language, they may not be subject to the prejudice and discrimination they encounter on a daily basis. HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 3 Hispanic Americans in the United States A large portion of the population in the United States is made up of immigrants. Many of those immigrants are of Hispanic origin. Hispanic Americans make up several groups of people. Each of the different groups have a set of their own traditions and their cultures vary slightly and sometimes very significantly. Americans tend to group all Hispanics into one group and forget that not all of them came from one country, but rather several countries. Entering the United States Mexican Americans Throughout most of our history, Mexicans have entered the United States voluntarily. The American Southwest was previously part of Mexico until they lost it to the United States after the Mexican War (Marger, 2012). The Mexicans that inhabited those areas were then incorporated into the United States (Marger, 2012). Puerto Rican Americans Puerto Ricans didn’t come to the United States by force, nor voluntarily. The United States gained Puerto Rico as part of its territory after the Spanish-American War and those on the island were automatically given American citizenship (Marger, 2012). Puerto Ricans were then able to come and go freely as they chose, just as American citizens are able to go from state to state. Cuban Americans Cubans have recently come to the United States voluntarily similar to the Puerto Ricans and Mexicans. Their motive for migrating to the United States though was for political reasons rather than economic reasons like the Mexicans and Puerto Ricans (Marger, 2012). When the HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 4 Cubans came to the United States, they tended to be more educated and more prepared to begin an occupation than most other foreign immigrants (Marger, 2012). Central Americans Many of the Central American immigrants have come to the United States as political refugees (Marger, 2012). Most have come voluntarily like many of the Hispanic migrants have. Another large reason for Central Americans migrating to the United States was for economic opportunities (Marger, 2012). Hispanics and Music About Latin Music Latin music first developed in different Latin American countries, mainly Cuba and it is originally derived from African religious ceremonies (Revels-Bay). Latin music is a unique kind of music and it has a unique rhythmic structure when compared to American music (Revels-Bay). American music can be considered by most people to be Rock and Roll. Latin music is typically viewed as dance music. It has a lot of rhythm which is highly syncopated (Revels-Bay). Latin music, like American music includes many instruments. American music tends to be more on the beat than Latin music. Latin music also uses more percussion instruments than American music and it includes several different string instruments. Some of the string instruments include timbales, congas, congo, guitar and the Cuban guitar (Revels-Bay). Over the years, the bass, trumpets, trombones and woodwinds were added to play melodies and repetitions of sound and the piano replaced the guitar (Revels-Bay). Latin Music Gaining Popularity The motivations underlying the boom of Latino music have brought possibilities for economic gain and increase the visibility of Latin Americans within the United States (Cepeda). HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 5 Two Latin Americans who have brought Latin music to America are Emilio and Gloria Estefan. They have hits in the United States and also have Crescent Moon Studios. Crescent Moon Studios are a Mimi-based Sony affiliate that grosses 200 million dollars yearly (Cepeda). Their Crescent Moon Studios are also a reason for the popular building of the Latino music in the media industry in the United States. Gloria and Emilio Estefan are two very successful Hispanic Americans. There are several famous musical artists but because of their race, it is harder for them to be accepted into the musical industry. The number of Hispanic Americans who have been successful making music is relatively small when compared to the number of non-Hispanic musical artists. There have been several popular Latin musical artists who have brought new meaning to Latin music in the United States. Some examples are Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez and Shakira. They keep a lot of the Latin culture in the Latin-American music, but they â€Å"Americanize† it in a sense and the language used is English. This has helped to integrate one part of the Hispanic cultures into today’s American society. Hispanic American Families Family Structure Traditionally in the Hispanic culture, the father or the oldest male in the family holds the greatest amount of authority over the family and women typically show submission (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The responsibilities tend to be shared among the members of the family. When compared to the non-Hispanic whites, many of the households are similar. Although, throughout the years, the father or oldest male is no longer always the authority holder in the home. Instead, the mother and father hold equal amounts of authority. HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 6 The household size of Hispanic American families is larger than other American families. The average size of a Hispanic household is 3. 47 people and for the rest of the population, the average is 2. 62 people (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Family Values Family is an important part in most Hispanic American’s lives. Family is a large reason for immigration for many of them. They may have family ties here who they wish to move closer to or they may be moving here to provide a better life for their family. The extended family of Hispanic Americans plays a major role in each family member’s life (Moitinho). They tend to have strong bonds and a lot of interaction among much of the family and extended family. In many households, parents, grandparents and children live in the same home or live nearby (Moitinho). Among most Hispanic families, faith and church are a lot times central to their family and community life. Most Hispanic homes have a religious object and most attend a religious service once a month or more (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Single Parent versus Two Parent Families. In the United States, 70% of Hispanic children live in two parent homes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Single parent families among Mexican Americans have grown from 14% in 1980 to 22% in 2001 (Zeiders, Roosa, & Yuntein, 2011). Children who live in a single parent home tend to be at greater risk than children in two parent homes for academic and conduct problems, substance abuse and depression (Zeiders, Roosa & Yuntein, 2011). This may be due to the fact that there is a lack of financial resources for some of the single parent families versus the two parent families who may have a double income. Although there are some studies HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 7 that show Latino children in single parent homes are more likely to have negative outcomes, there are also some studies that show they are not (Zeiders, Roosa & Yuntein, 2011). Marriage Patterns In the United States, Mexican American females are most likely to be married and non-hispanic blacks are the least likely (Landale, Oropesa, & Bradatan, 2006). Among some of the Hispanic races in the United States, 4% of Cuban females and 38% of Puerto Rican females aged 20-24 are married (Landale, Oropesa, & Bradatan, 2006). Fitting In Over recent decades, Hispanic Americans have adapted to more of the â€Å"Americanized† way of living. Many of them dress alike, eat American food, go to college, etc. They have assimilated somewhat, but are far from being fully assimilated. They may never actually be fully assimilated into American society. One main reason is their race. It has typically been shown throughout history that races made up of white people are able to assimilate much easier than those with different skin colors. Conclusion Hispanics have come from several different countries and even look dissimilar from each other but are still each identified as Hispanics. Throughout the years, Hispanics have adapted to the American way of living and continue to do so. The only thing separating many Hispanics from non-ethnic whites is the color of their skin. As a whole, Hispanics have assimilated in many ways but they will probably never be fully assimilated. Instead, they may be working towards full acculturation. HISPANIC AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES 8 References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 14, 2013, from http://www. cdc. gov/†¦ /Audience/AudienceInsight_CulturalInsights. pdf Cepeda, M. E. Mucholoco for ricky martin; or the politics of chronology, crossover, and language within the latino music â€Å"boom†. Popular music and society, 55-67. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from Ebscohost. Landale, N. S. , Oropesa, R. S. , & Bradatan, C. (2006). Hispanic families in the United States: Family structure and process in an era of family change. In Hispanics and the future of America. Retrieved November 14, 2013 from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/books/NBK19902/ Marger, M. N. (2012). Race and ethnic relations American and global perspectives (9th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Moitinho, E. (n. d. ). Hispanic culture 101. In American association of christian counselors. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www. aacc. net/2012/09/21/hispanic-culture-101-increase-your-hispaniclatinocultura l-iq/ Revels-Bey, N. (n. d. ). History of Latin music. In Revels-Bay Music. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www. revels-bey. com/history_of_latin_music. htm Zeiders, K. H. , Roosa, M. W. , & Yuntein, J. (2011). Family structure and family processes in mexican-american families. Family process, 70-91. Retrieved November 7, 2013, from Ebscohost.

Comparing Sonny’s Blues to the Cathedral

1. Is Patrick lonely? In my opinion, I feel as though the boy is lonely, living in such a remote and desolate place, with only his father to spend his time with. For example Ondaatje says, â€Å"He was born into a region which did not appear on a map until 1910, though his family had worked there for twenty hears and the land had been homesteaded since 1816. In the school atlas the place is pale green and nameless. The river slips out of an unnamed lake†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (10-11).Patrick’s characteristics makes him seem sad or withdrawn from society, for he spends his time gazing out the window searching for bugs. Ondaatje exclaims, â€Å"He walks back into the bright kitchen and moves from window to window to search out the moths pinioned against the screens, clinging to the brightness†¦ Bugs, plant hoppers, grasshoppers, rust-dark moths†¦throughout the summer he records their visits and sketches the repeaters â€Å" (9). I feel bad for Patrick, that his only companio ns are the bugs flying around his house, in search for light.Although Patrick does have his father, his dad doesn’t pay him any attention, unless they are working together. Ondaatje says, â€Å"Hazen Lewis was an abashed man, withdrawn from the world around him, uninterested in the habits of civilization outside his own focus. He would step up to his horse and assume it, as if it were a train, as if flesh and blood did not exist† (15). It would be rough to grow up in that kind of unloving environment. It would be difficult to feel you had to earn your love.For Patrick’s father, only praises him when they are successful at work. For example, Ondaatje says, â€Å"They begin to run back home, looking behind them to see if the cow is following. The boy gasps, ‘If she goes into the ice again I’m not doing a thing’ ‘Neither am I’ yells his father, laughing† (16). The only part in the story when the boys Father demonstrates warmt h and kindness towards his son, is when they save the cow from drowning. The fathers introverted attitude, makes me question how he became so incredibly withdrawn from society.It makes me wonder what happened to his wife. Did she die? Is that the reason why he chooses to act so distant from his son? Does he remind him of her? Patrick’s absent mother also makes me question if that is the reason why Patrick is so quite and reclusive, like his father. With Patrick’s mother missing from his life and Patrick’s father uncommunicative, it causes him to live a very lonely, unhappy, and solitary life. 3. Patrick’s unloving and solitary environment is the reason for his unhappiness.

3 opciones para migrantes en casos de deportación

3 opciones para migrantes en casos de deportacià ³n Cuando un migrante recibe un Notice to Appear en Corte migratoria para el inicio de un caso de deportacià ³n o un Immigration Hold, cuando ya est en custodia, debe informarse de cules son sus opciones. La deportacià ³n, que puede afectar a cualquier persona extranjera en los Estados Unidos, incluidos los Residentes Permanentes Legales, puede lucharse, para lo cual lo ms recomendable es contar con un abogado migratorio. Tambià ©n puede aceptarse, lo cual tiene como consecuencia que el migrante sale de Estados Unidos o puede ignorarse, convirtiendo al migrante en un prà ³fugo. En este artà ­culo se informa de las opciones para luchar la deportacià ³n y de las opciones y consecuencias de la misma. Finalmente, se explica por quà © es muy mala idea ignorar un procedimiento abierto o una orden de deportacià ³n. 10 opciones que tienen los migrantes para evitar una deportacià ³n En realidad son varias las posibles opciones. Sin embargo es muy importante entender que hay que cumplir los requisitos para poder beneficiarse. Y como la ley migratoria puede ser complicada realmente este es el momento para contar con un abogado, de pago o pro bono. Entre las opciones destacan las siguientes: 1. Cancelacià ³n de deportacià ³n En cuanto a los requisitos, hay una diferencia importante segà ºn se trate de un residente permanente legal o el migrante est en otra categorà ­a. Personas que no son titulares de una green card. Tambià ©n conocida como seccià ³n 42B Para poder solicitar que se cancele su deportacià ³n debern cumplir los siguientes requisitos: Vivir en EEUU de forma continua por al menos 10 aà ±os que se puede probar con pago de impuestos, contratos de renta, facturas mà ©dicas, etc.Poder demostrar buena conducta moral en los à ºltimos 10 aà ±os.Estar casado con un ciudadano estadounidense o con un residente permanente legal o tener hijos o padres que lo son. Y que la expulsià ³n de la persona sobre la que pende la deportacià ³n pueda causar a sus familiares estadounidenses o residentes permanentes penuria extrema.Este punto es fundamental, ya que no vale simplemente con tener una familia americana o residente permanente. Debe necesariamente probarse que la deportacià ³n causarà ­a un gran perjuicio a la parte legal de la familia, como por ejemplo en los casos en los que haya una enfermedad grave en la familia.No ser un riesgo para la seguridad nacional de EEUU.No haber cometido y haber sido sentenciado por causa criminal.No haber celebrado un matrimonio de conveniencia por papeles.Haber entrado a EEUU a travà ©s de una aduana terrestre, puerto o aeropuerto donde un oficial de inmigracià ³n tomà ³ registro de la entrada. Es decir, aquellas personas que ingresaron a EEUU simplemente cruzando la frontera por un lugar no vigilado no pueden solicitar la cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n. No haber falsificado documentos para lograr la entrada en EEUU. Residente permanente legal tambià ©n conocido como seccià ³n 42A Debe haber vivido continuamente en EEUU despuà ©s de haber sido legalmente admitido por un mà ­nimo de 7 aà ±os hasta la fecha en que recibià ³ el Notice to appear o cometià ³ la ofensa que da lugar al immigration hold.Debe ser titular de una green card por al menos 5 aà ±os a contar hasta la fecha en la que se pide la cancelacià ³n.El delito que ha cometido no puede ser un delito agravado (aggravated felony, en inglà ©s).No puede ser un riesgo ni para la seguridad pà ºblica ni para la seguridad nacional de EEUU   2. CAT Son las siglas en inglà ©s de Convencià ³n en Contra de la Tortura. Para beneficiarse de CAT el migrante debe probar que tiene un riesgo superior al 50 por ciento de ser torturado por su gobierno o con el consentimiento del mismo si regresa a su paà ­s. Este estndar es muy difà ­cil de probar. 3. Suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n Es lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como withholding of removal. Se parece al asilo porque se da por las mismas causas, pero es inferior en el tipo de proteccià ³n que otorga. Asà ­, en los caos de suspensià ³n de la deportacià ³n ya hay una orden para ser deportado y una vez que se consigue la suspensià ³n se puede estar en Estados Unidos legalmente pero no hay un camino hacia la green card ni tampoco posibilidad de traer a Estados Unidos a la familia inmediata. Adems, es necesario pagar anualmente una cuota para renovar el permiso de trabajo y no se puede viajar fuera de los Estados Unidos. Si se hace, se considerar que el migrante se ha autodeportado y ser prcticamente imposible regresar a USA. 4. Asilo Se puede evitar la deportacià ³n pidiendo asilo siempre y cuando el extranjero tenga un miedo real y fundamentado de que ser perseguido si regresa a su paà ­s por sus opiniones polà ­ticas, creencias religiosas o por pertenecer a un determinado grupo à ©tnico o social. 4. Stay of removal Esta medida aplica a migrantes indocumentados que tienen una orden de deportacià ³n con fecha fija antes de la cual deben abandonar Estados Unidos. En algunos casos se puede solicitar que no se cumpla la orden de deportacià ³n en esa fecha y se asegura que sà ­ se saldr del paà ­s, pero posteriormente. El Stay of removal se solicita en la oficina local del ERO, pagando una cuota que en la actualidad es de $155 y presentando documentacià ³n que justifique la razà ³n de la peticià ³n. Si es concedida generalmente se coloca al migrante bajo una orden de supervisià ³n y tendr que pagar una fianza (bond) de al menos $1,500 pero que puede ser superior. En cuanto a la posibilidad de trabajar legalmente, en algunos casos se concede un permiso de trabajo. 5. Ajuste de estatus La persona sobre la que pende una orden de deportacià ³n puede pedirle al juez que la suspenda mediante un ajuste de estatus. Ejemplos de casos: El cà ³nyuge y los hijos y padres de ciudadanos estadounidenses siempre y cuando se cumplan los requisitos para que el ciudadano pueda solicitar por và ­nculo familiar una tarjeta verde para el extranjero.Por certificacià ³n laboral y una persona resulta elegible para obtener una green card por razà ³n laboral.Cuando la persona sobre la que pende la deportacià ³n tiene una aplicacià ³n anterior para cambio de ajuste migratorio. 6. Và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica Por aplicacià ³n de VAWA, los cà ³nyuges  residentes permanentes o ciudadanos estadounidenses y sus hijos podrn quedarse si han estado fà ­sicamente en EEUU por al menos tres aà ±os y han sido abusados por sus cà ³nyuges. Podrn conseguir la green card aunque se divorcien del esposo abusivo. 7. Và ­ctimas de violencia que colaboran con la policà ­a o fiscalà ­a La visa U permite a las và ­ctima de determinados delitos permanecer en Estados Unidos y obtener un estatus legal. Son necesarios que se cumplan varios requisitos, entre ellos, la colaboracià ³n con las fuerzas del orden para esclarecer el delito. 8. Motion to Supress Esta herramienta es muy rara en corte migratoria pero sà ­ que es posible. Un abogado puede utilizarla para defender a su cliente cuando el ICE ha violado los derechos constitucionales del migrante.   9. Acusacià ³n discrecional Esto es lo que se   conoce en inglà ©s como prosecutorial discretion. Es muy raro en casos migratorios de deportacià ³n pero sà ­ que es cierto que todos los aà ±os se producen   casos. Bsicamente significa que no se ejecuta una orden de deportacià ³n. 10. Perdones Dependiendo del caso de cada migrante, existen perdones que se pueden solicitar bajo el amparo de la ley de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a, conocida como INA, en sus apartados 212 letra c y letra h. Opciones cuando no hay lucha contra la deportacià ³n En algunos casos es posible llegar a un acuerdo para una salida voluntaria, la cual tiene ventajas sobre una deportacià ³n a cargo del gobierno.   En los casos de deportacià ³n es importante destacar que todas llevan una penalidad y que en algunos casos es posible aplicar por un perdà ³n, pero que cada migrante debe entender los requisitos que aplican segà ºn su caso. Tambià ©n destacar que, dependiendo del caso de cada uno, ser posible regresar aà ºn sin perdà ³n, dejando pasar un periodo de tiempo, que depende del caso de cada uno. Asimismo, recordar que en algunos casos es imposible regresar legalmente a Estados Unidos. No hay cosas como hacer desaparecer el rà ©cord migratorio pasado, eso es sà ³lo cuento de personas sin escrà ºpulos que desean aprovecharse de la desesperacià ³n de los migrantes. Por à ºltimo destacar que si un migrante deportado ingresa ilegalmente a Estados Unidos est cometiendo un delito, con todas las consecuencias que ello conlleva. La opcià ³n de desaparecerse o no hacer caso a una orden de deportacià ³n Algunos migrantes no se presentan a las citas en corte migratoria. En estos casos el resultado es una orden de deportacià ³n dictada en ausencia. En otros, no se cumplen con la orden de salir de los Estados Unidos. En uno y otro caso el migrante ser deportado inmediatamente si las autoridades migratorias lo agarran de alguna forma, que puede ser en un raid o simplemente en una parada de trfico cuando se va en un auto en el que ni siquiera se es el conductor. En estos casos no hay opciones. Simplemente se procede a la deportacià ³n. Abogados para casos de deportacià ³n Precisamente porque la deportacià ³n es un asunto muy serio con graves consecuencias se recomienda encarecidamente presentarse en corte con un abogado migratorio competente. Se puede buscar en AILA, que es la asociacià ³n de abogados de inmigracià ³n, o pedir consejo para referencias a organizaciones competentes de asistencia a migrantes que incluso en algunos casos pueden referir a abogados pro bono, es decir, que no cobran por sus servicios. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

An Introduction to the Breach of Contract

An Introduction to the Breach of Contract Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . An Introduction to the Breach of Contract A breach of contract is also in a contract. Breach of Contract is the existence of agreement where there is a failure to keep the promises or agreement or failure to live up to his or her responsibilities of a contract. The whole contract or part of the contract may be breached. There are three important remedies available in a contract which is damages, specific performance and injunction. 2.1.1 Damages The remedy that is available in a contract which is damages is due to the losses or costs which incurred because of another party wrongful act. Damages are the payment in one form or a remedy which is provided by the common law to provide financial compensation or loss or debt where there has been a breach of contract. The main purpose there is damages in a breach of contract is because there is a need to protect the promisee s expectation interest and in the promisor s performance. There are also contractual damages in a breach of contract. It is a loss suffered when there is a breach of contract. Contractual damages are not mean to be a punishment for the party who has fails to perform the agreements which are in the contract. The defendant s ability to pay in ensuring the measure of damages does not consider by the court. When there are cases which make the party unable to perform the agreements made in a contract, the plaintiff who is the person who brings suit in the court which is opposed to the defendant would have expectation interest which is measured by difference – money damages. The difference between the contract price and the cost of construction by another builder would be the general measure of damages 2.1.2 Specific Performance Specific performance is a court order which requires the defendant to perform his act which is promised in the contract. It is a remedy commonly used in the form of a judicial process or order requiring the person or the persons to whom it is directed to do a particular a ct or to refrain from doing a particular act concerning information or real property. Specific performance is usually used to complete a previously established transaction and it is also the most effective remedy in protecting the expectation interest of the innocent party in the contract. The court will practice its act according to its own judgement not to decree specific performance where damages provide an adequate remedy. If the terms of the contract are uncertain, specific performance will be refused. The court also has the discretion to refuse specific performance where the granting of specific performance would cause undue hardship to the defendant. The court of equity developed the remedy of specific performance since damages often cannot adequately compensate someone for the inability to own a specific piece of real property, land being regarded as unique. The remedy which is specific performance is often guaranteed through the remedy of a right of possession which gives t he plaintiff the right to take possession of the property in dispute. The orders of specific performance are granted when damages are not a suitable remedy. The availability of specific performance remedy will depend on whether it is appropriate in the circumstances of the case. For example, when company A wants to build another restaurant in another location has made an agreement with the franchisor but was later been told that he will not grant the franchise because the franchisor would want to build and operate the restaurant at another location. Company A could take action towards the franchisor for breach of contract. This would eventually force the franchisor to keep up with the agreement to the terms of a contract

The history of Jazz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The history of Jazz - Essay Example Jazz music is deeply rooted in various musical styles of African-American music with European traditional music also contributing to its melodic sound. It was composed of several styles of black folk music such as field hollers, lullabies, rowing chants, spirituals and blues. Jazz began with small bands or solo pianists playing at weddings, picnics, parades and funerals. Blues and ragtime had also formed several years before jazz, and were strongly influencing its styles and forms. New Orleans, Louisiana experienced the earliest form of jazz. Improvisation, along with the existing sounds of other black music such as ragtime and blues, made jazz unique. Charles â€Å"Buddy† Bolden, also known as â€Å"King Bolden,† was known to have led some of these early jazz groups. Bolden’s band was well known in New Orleans from 1900 to 1907. Many early musicians credited Bolden and his band with having originated the genre known as â€Å"jazz†; however, the term â€Å"jazz† didn’t become widely known until after Bolden’s era. One writer labeled Bolden as the father of jazz, and several early Jazz musicians were inspired by his playing including Joe â€Å"King† Oliver, Freddie Keppard, Bunk Johnson. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band recorded the first jazz record in 1917. They were very popular overseas as well as in the United States. The New Orleans Rhythm Kings and the Creole Jazz Band were the next bands to emerge i n the early 1920s. The Creole Jazz Band would yield American cornetist King Oliver.... Scat singing had a great impact on jazz music; It altered the melodies of many jazz sounds, thereby giving them a new sound for their listener. During the 1920s, Jazz began to migrate to Chicago, Illinois. Many musicians from New Orleans, including Armstrong, were influencing the local musicians, thus creating the Chicago style form of jazz. This style was similar to that of New Orleans, however it differentiated in that it emphasized more on soloists and added the saxophone to the instruments of the band. Bix Beiderbecke, clarinetist Benny Goodman, drummer Gene Krupa, banjoist and guitarist Eddie Condon and trombonist Jack Teagarden were instrumentalists working in Chicago who were influenced by the Chicago style jazz. New York City was also another major area for jazz in the 1920s. Harlem became the center for jazz music. Piano music was also making great strides for the development of jazz music as well, and ironically, Harlem became know for the stride piano. James P. Johnson was a master at this, but it was Fats Waller who became stride piano's most popular performer. Another style of piano that developed during this time was boogie-woogie. It was a form of blues played on the piano, and it became very popular in the 1930s and 1940s. Pine Top Smith, Pete Johnson, Meade Lux Lewis and Albert Ammons were leading boogie-woogie pianists during this time. However, it was Earl "Fatha" Hines who was the most-known pianist of the 1920s. His style influenced most pianists of the next generation such as Teddy Wilson and Art Tatum. Also, the big bands, large groups of jazz musicians that would play together, were also popular throughout the 1930s and 1940s. This period was better known as the swing era. Duke Ellington and Fletcher Henderson were

Britain's privatized railway system Literature review

Britain's privatized railway system - Literature review Example This freed up the Secretary of State to give the relevant board directions concerning the disposal of its holdings. This Act was necessary because the government at all times had to act by the rules that were established by various Acts covering transport and railways, which would have stopped the board from disposing of the assets. Following the Secretary of state’s actions, he directed for the formation of Rail-track PLC, which, in turn, paved the way for 1993’s Railways Act. The British Railways Board’s operations were subsequently sold off. At the time, the process was riddled with controversy and some of the results have lent credence to the criticism that came its way. The manner of the privatization also led to widespread criticism from over twenty companies involved, especially for its complexity. Following the Swedish example that seemed apparently successful, the BEU issued directive 91/440, wishing to enable new rail operators to access the market (Jupe & Crompton, 2006: p1038). EU member states were required to separate infrastructure and railway management operations from transport services with account separation termed, as compulsory to all industries that were formally owned by the state with while separation with institutions being optional. The EU hoped that track operators would levy a transparent fee that would allow operators to run networked trains under open access. British Rail was privatized between 1994 and 1997 with Rail-track given ownership of infrastructure and track in April of 1994. Following this, there was franchising of passenger operations to operators in the private sector with outright sale of freight services. BRB Ltd. got the remaining British rail obligations. When John Major replaced Margaret Thatcher as the Conservative party leader in late 1 990 the privatization of the British Rail begun to pick up steam. The government under Thatcher had sold off almost all industries that were formally owned by the state with the exception of British Rail. Even though, Cecil Parkinson, the previous Secretary for Transport had led advocacy for a form of semi-private or private ownership of the British rail network, Thatcher had deemed it too much (Jupe & Crompton, 2006; p1039). In the 1992 elections, the Conservative manifesto included a privatization commitment for the British rail network, although the specifics were not set out clearly. Triumphing over opinion polls, the Conservatives won the 1992 elections and had to, consequently, come up with a plan to privatize British Rail prior to the publishing of the Railways Bill the following year (Haywood, 2007: p200). British Rail’s management led a strong advocacy campaign for the privatization of British Rail under a single entity with John Redwood, a Cabinet Minister, arguing for the regional companies that were in charge of trains and track, although the Prime Minister did not back this at the time. Consequently, following pressure from a think tank fronted by the Adam Smith Institute, the treasury advocated for seven franchises for passenger railways, which later expanded to 25, as a means of revenue maximization. The treasury prevailed in this instance. In addition, privatization of British Rail became a reality. In 1997, the Labor government took over after almost all privatization had been carried out and failed to act, on its earlier promise, to return to the public sector the railway system (Haywood, 2007: p200). It, instead, elected to leave the structure as it was and even oversaw the completion of

Corruption in the Correctional System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corruption in the Correctional System - Essay Example epresenting the authority (management body) want to earn more money since most of the time they are poorly paid by the government by accepting gifts from the inmates so that they can practice drug trafficking inside the jail. This kind of deviance practice is referred to as malfeasance. On the other hand, the inmates practice deviance by any means possible such as misfeasance that may include offering themselves for sex with officers in order to seek gratuities for preferential treatment and special privileges. Correctional systems were early formed to serve as facilities for galley slavery, transportation, jails and prisons for community correction. Moreover, prisons and community corrections were formed to prevent the use of violence or coercive responses to slaves. For example, prisons were created in 1700s in the United States as a form of physical punishment to the wrongdoers. In terms of hierarchy, the underlying goal of a hierarchy on the correction facility is to ensure physical control. Correctional facility favors custody and security and differentiates between security levels. First, there is prison administrator who is at the head of hierarchy. The administrator ensures control is by reaching an agreement with the inmates and utilizes the inmate power structure by overlooking rule infractions in exchange for support to the status quo. On the other hand, correction facilities are categorized as minimum, medium or maximum society categories. Maximum-security correction acts as punishment centers for practicing the maximum order and do n act as rehabilitation and treatment center. The main purpose that maximum correction facilities observe as a daily routine is to keep inmate occupied with intensive inspection. Moreover, segregating inmates for the security purpose makes other inmates unable to access treatment programs. Medium security correctional facility has external security on the inmates as tight as in supermax or maximum correctional facility.

Lean Manufacturing | Literature Review

Lean Manufacturing | Literature Review Since the 1980s, numerous businesses in various sectors of industry have continually been introducing programs intended to improve both productivity and quality. Several authors have posited lean manufacturing or lean production as the best possible production system and one that can be implemented in any industry and any process (Bonavia and Marin, 2006 and Lee-Mortimer, 2006). Doolen and Hacker (2005) mentioned that different researchers have explored the portability of lean practices both within and between different manufacturing sectors. In accordance, a variety of surveys conducted in different types of industry (Soriano-Meier and Forrester, 2002, Bonavia and Marin, 2006, Doolen and Hacker, 2005, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Taj, 2008) proved that lean is widely successful in a variety of industrial sectors. However, there are two problematic issues regarding lean manufacturing have been addressed in several studies. First, Shah and Ward (2007) claimed that any discussion of lean production points to an absence of common definition of the concept. Likewise, Pettersen (2009) alleged that there is no agreed upon definition of lean that could be found in the literature. Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) declared that there is no consensus in different researchers perceptions to the concept of lean which leads to conflicting results in identifying and classifying its practices and techniques. Second, there is conflict in using terms such as elements, principles, constructs, techniques and practices. Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) mentioned that some of the elements of lean are actually referring to the goals and objectives rather than techniques or tools (e.g. elimination of waste, lead time reduction) and, in addition, a number of other best manufacturing practices (such as agile manufacturing) were used in literature as lean practices. Moreover, Shah and Ward (2007) underscored that identical items are used to operationalize vastly different concepts and different items are used to operationalize the same construct. Thus, Shah and Ward (2007) argued that a great source of confusion and inconsistency associated with lean is the more substantive disagreement about what comprises lean production and how it can be measured operationally. Statement of the problem The above mentioned issues revealed three confusions surrounding the lean concept in literature, which are (1) the lack of a consistent definition of lean, (2) the disagreement about the elements that comprise lean manufacturing and (3) the lack of a measurement tool for assessing changes towards lean implementation. With the aim to clarify and resolve these confusions, this chapter has three main objectives; (1) to propose a conceptual definition of the term lean manufacturing that captures all its main facets, (2) to provide a framework that identifies its major elements and practices, and (3) to develop an operationalized model to assess changes towards lean manufacturing implementation. To achieve these objectives, an in-depth literature review is conducted regarding the topic of lean manufacturing. At first, the concept of Lean and its main principles are introduced. Next, the elements of lean manufacturing and the practices for lean implementation will be investigated. Finally, different indicators that measure the progress achieved towards lean are explored. The concept of Lean Lean was associated with the practice of deciphering the value added activities from those that are waste in an organization and its supply chain (Comm and Mathaisel, 2005). Motwani (2003) declared that companies need to focus on each product and its value stream in order to distinguish between wasted activities and that actually create value. Moreover, Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) stated that leanness was introduced as an approach to manufacturing that was aiming at the elimination of waste while stressing the need for continuous improvement. However, lean manufacturing is much more than a technique, it is, in addition, a way of thinking (Taj, 2008). The issue of lean thinking was widely discussed in different researches. Comm and Mathaisel (2005) believed that lean thinking removes the traditional way people think about roles and responsibilities through remaining focused on the customer and the core competencies that the customer values from an organization. Therefore, Bhasin and Burcher (2006) claimed that for a successful implementation, numerous cultural changes are required for embracing empowerment and disseminating the lean principles through-out the value chain. Similarly, Taj (2008) confirmed that lean as a way of thinking creates a culture in which everyone in the organization continuously improve operations. In accordance, Comm and Mathaisel (2000) introduced leanness as a philosophy that intended to significantly reduce cost and cycle time throughout the entire value chain while continuing to improve product performance. Hence, lean should be described from two points of view; the philosophical perspective and the practical perspective (Shah and Ward, 2007). From the philosophical perspective, lean is viewed as an overall organizational philosophy that should affect the people way of thinking and behaving (Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005 and Bhasin and Burcher, 2006). This philosophy drives the guiding principles and the overarching goals of lean (Shah and Ward, 2007). On the other hand, the practical perspective see lean as a set of management practices, tools and techniques (Shah and Ward, 2007) that are used to apply the philosophy and to achieve the goals (Bhasin and Burcher, 2006). This two-perspective view of lean is supported by the definition of lean as a socio-technical system. Such system combines both technical system; i.e. technology and social system; i.e. people and organizational structure (Bhasin and Burcher, 2006). In the same context, Shah and Ward (2007) asserted that to pursue lean production, firms have to effectively manage their social and technical systems simultaneously. Moreover, Cua et al. (2001) proved that joint optimization of both socially- and technically-oriented policies or practices is necessary for achieving good results. Regarding its implementation, Panizzolo (1998) demonstrated that the wide range of lean practices are related to interventions in the manufacturing area, actions taken in other areas of the firm (design, HR, strategy, etc.) and relationships with both suppliers and customers. Likewise, Shah and Ward (2003) stated that lean should be seen as a multi-dimensional approach that encompasses a wide variety of management practices. This conceptualization of lean as multidimensional strategy is supported by a wide range of researchers (Doolen and Hacker, 2005, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996, Shah and Ward, 2007 and Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005). However, it is well accepted among researchers that lean should be implemented as an integrated system (Shah and Ward, 2007, Bhasin and Burcher, 2006, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996 and Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005). Shah and Ward (2007) suggested that a well-developed lean strategy implementation will require firms to exert considerable effort along several dimensions simultaneously. Bonavia and Marin (2006) concluded that there are only few relationships between the degree of use of lean production practices individually and operational performance (in terms of productivity, quality, lead time and inventory). In the same vein, Shah and Ward (2003) provide unambiguous evidence that the synergistic effects of all lean practices are associated with better manufacturing performance. Another feature of lean manufacturing that was emphasized in literature is its time-frame of implementation. Bhasin and Burcher (2006) and Doolen and Hacker (2005) believed that lean is a long-term multidimensional organizational strategy. Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak (2005) affirmed that transformation to lean requires a lot of effort, time and participation of all organization levels in addition to make changes in company culture and organizational structure. Thus, lean enterprises should continuously find ways to eliminate consumption of resources in their struggle to deliver value to their customers. In correspondence, the implementation of the lean program in the case study discussed in (Lee-Mortimer, 2006) proved that lean is not just a project, it is a long-term continuous journey which is implemented as a sequence of stages or projects. In conclusion, lean manufacturing embraces different features that should be taken into consideration when defining this concept. Lean should be viewed as a philosophy, affecting company culture, rather than a set of tools/techniques. This, in turn, reveals the importance of managing social system as well as technical system simultaneously. Moreover, lean implementation scope is not confined to the manufacturing function of a company, rather it relates to all functions ranging from product development, procurement and manufacturing over to distribution. Since lean companies seek to deliver value to their customers, this value should be predefined and delivered, while waste, which customers are not willing to pay for, should continuously be eliminated. All the aforementioned features of lean manufacturing can be captured in the following proposed conceptual definition. Lean manufacturing is a philosophy and a long-term strategy that is applied through a socio-technical system integrating all functions within the organization with the aim of continuous waste elimination while delivering outcomes that meet continuously predefined customer value. Lean principles Lean philosophy is mainly based on the principle of eliminating waste. Waste is anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, and working time that are essential to add value (Taj, 2008, Bonavia and Marin, 2006 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) cited that the main goal of lean is to eliminate all activities that do not add value to the product. Value should be specified as it is perceived by customers (Andersson et al., 2006 and Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park, 2006). If the task does not add value from the customers point of view, it should be modified or eliminated from the process (Andersson et al., 2006). It is believed that by minimizing waste and zero-value added activities, companies can reduce production costs and the overall production system will be more efficient (Comm and Mathaisel, 2005 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Since inventory is considered one of the critical sources of waste (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996), Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park (2006) declared that the traditional way of producing in batches is inefficient as it requires goods to wait in inventories before the next production step is started up. Thus, Motwani (2003) mentioned that the value must flow to the customer without interruptions. Andersson et al. (2006) confirmed that focus should be on organizing a continuous flow through the production or supply chain rather than moving commodities in large batches. Closely related to the continuous flow is the principle of just-in-time (JIT), since the ultimate goal that every process should be provided with only one part at a time, exactly when that part is needed (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Moreover, if continuous flow is not possible (Lummus et al., 2006), the way of scheduling the flow of material should be pull instead of push (Motwani, 2003 and Dahlgaard and Dahlgaard-Park, 2006). This means that customer demand should pull finished products through the system with the aim of not carrying out any work unless the result of it is required downstream (Andersson et al., 2006). It is obvious that to succeed in the implementation of any modern system, everyone from top management to any lower level should make sincere efforts, and set their goals jointly through active participation and understanding (Ahmed et al., 2004). According to (McKone et al., 1999), employees can contribute significantly to the organization when they are allowed to participate in decisions that impact their area of responsibility. As a result, involvement from all employees allows companies to better use of its available resources (McKone et al., 1999). This principle reflects the conceptualization of lean manufacturing as a socio-technical system, since it highlights the importance of managing social system as well as technical system. Since lean is viewed as a long-term strategy, lean philosophy emphasizes continuous improvement. Several researchers (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996, Comm and Mathaisel, 2005 and Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001) affirmed that one of the most fundamental principles of lean is the search for continuous improvement in products and processes. Lummus et al. (2006) mentioned that processes should be managed towards perfection to continuously reduce the time needed to serve the customer. Likewise, Andersson et al. (2006) underscored that the elimination of non-value-adding elements (waste) is a process of continuous improvement. In this context, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) highlighted the importance of employees involvement and top management support to create and train improvement teams that lead the organization to move toward zero defects. Based on the analysis of lean previous studies, it is concluded that there are five key principles / overarching goals which can be considered the bases for the lean philosophy. These principles are; (1) waste elimination, (2) customer value identification, (3) continuous production flow, (4) employees involvement and (5) continuous improvement. Furthermore, the aforesaid lean principles confirm some issues in the proposed conceptual definition. The unambiguous believe that elimination of waste is the fundamental goal is affirmed since lean is regularly defined as manufacturing without waste. Likewise, identifying value as perceived by customer is asserted in the proposed definition. Moreover, seeking continuous improvement as a principle of lean philosophy reflects the long-term nature of lean implementation. Thus, the proposed definition stresses the aim of continuous waste elimination and highlighted the need to continuously predefine customer value. Also, the importance of employ ees involvement emphasizes the social phase of the lean system as a socio-technical system. Finally, holding in mind these principles / goals underscores the view of lean as a philosophy that affects the people way of thinking. Lean implementation framework Previous studies concerning lean manufacturing revealed a number of manufacturing practices that are commonly associated with lean implementation. The initial step towards developing a framework for lean implementation is to capture different practices and combine them into inter-related groups in accordance to the multi-dimensional nature of lean manufacturing. The term practices in this context refers to the predominant methodologies that may include many techniques and tools. Shah and Ward (2003) identified and empirically validated combining lean practices into four specific lean bundles: namely Total Quality Management (TQM), Just In Time (JIT), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and Human Resources Management (HRM). Bonavia and Marin (2006) found enough agreement in literature to identify the first three bundles; TQM, JIT and TPM, while Cua et al. (2001) are of the opinion that human and strategic-oriented practices are common practices that support all other three bundles. Although there is general agreement within operations management literature that JIT, TPM, TQM and HRM are conceptually, theoretically, and empirically well established (Shah and Ward, 2003), there is no unanimous classification of the lean manufacturing practices that make up each of the four bundles (Bonavia and Marin, 2006). Therefore, in an attempt to provide a framework for lean implementation comprises the actual practices that represent each of the four mentioned bundles, the basic theme of these bundles are identified. Then, different lean practices are combined into each of these bundles based on reviewing different research papers regarding lean implementation practices, in addition to articles that were focused mainly on one of these bundles. TQM bundle Lack of quality is a major source of waste, since the defective parts and products that need to be reworked or scrapped do not add any value to the customer and should be eliminated in order to attain high productivity (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Sà ¶derquist and Motwani (1999) underscored that quality should be a top management issue and continuous improvement efforts together with the zero error objective should be company-wide and extended over company limits in production chains. Cua et al. (2001) defined total quality management (TQM) as a manufacturing program aimed at continuously improving and sustaining quality products and processes by capitalizing on the involvement of management, workforce, suppliers, and customers, in order to meet or exceed customer expectations. Sà ¶derquist and Motwani (1999) emphasized that TQM approach is the philosophy that should underpin the quality project in a lean company. The practices combined to form the TQM bundle include; product quality control, visual management (Cua et al., 2001, McKone et al., 1999 and Sà ¶derquist and Motwani, 1999), process management (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), product design and development (Cua et al., 2001 and Sà ¶derquist and Motwani, 1999), standardization (Sà ¶derquist and Motwani, 1999), suppliers quality management and customers involvement (Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). JIT bundle Just-in-time philosophy means to deliver the right part in the necessary quantity and at the right time (Canel et al., 2000, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Ahmed et al. (2004) defined JIT as a philosophy and system concept of doing, maintaining and producing what is value adding or what is just needed, be it raw materials, components, parts, WIP, employees, or finished products. Cua et al. (2001) asserted that the primary goal of JIT, as a manufacturing program, is continuously reducing and ultimately eliminating all forms of waste through JIT production and involvement of the work force. JIT basic techniques include set-up time and lot size reduction, pull production systems (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), equipment layout and cellular manufacturing (Shah and Ward, 2003 and Cua et al., 2001), production leveling and scheduling and JIT delivery by suppliers (Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). TPM bundle It has been accepted beyond any doubt that maintenance, as a support function in businesses, plays an important role in backing up many emerging business and operation strategies like lean manufacturing (Ahuja and Khamba, 2008b). Without having a productive maintenance system, lean production, just-in-time (JIT) or total quality management (TQM) environment cannot be attained (Ahmed et al., 2004). TPM is a proven and successful procedure for introducing maintenance considerations into organizational activities (Eti et al., 2004). Ahuja and Khamba (2008b) stated that TPM is a methodology originating from Japan to support its lean manufacturing system, since dependable and effective equipment are essential pre-requisite for implementing lean manufacturing initiatives in the organizations. Cua et al. (2001) and Shah and Ward (2003) defined TPM as a manufacturing program designed primarily to maximize equipment effectiveness throughout its entire life through the participation and motivation of the entire work force for performing planned predictive and preventive maintenance of the equipment and using maintenance optimization techniques. TPM, according to McKone et al. (1999), provides a comprehensive company-wide approach to maintenance management which is usually divided into short-term and long-term elements. In the short-term, TPM basic practices include; industrial housekeeping, autonomous maintenance (Cua et al., 2001, Eti et al., 2004 and McKone et al., 1999), and planned preventive and predictive maintenance (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001, Eti et al., 2004 and McKone et al., 1999). In the long-term, TPM efforts focus on new equipment and technology acquisition (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). HRM bundle Human resources have a critical role in carrying out the continuous improvement plans which are the basis for success in lean implementation (Panizzolo, 1998). Eti et al. (2004) claimed that the degree of employees eagerness to embrace change determines the rate of progress towards that goal. Moreover, McKone et al. (1999) declared that employees are the greatest sources of information for companies to improve their performance. Shah and Ward (2003) affirmed that the HRM bundle has significant theoretical and empirical support. The most commonly cited HRM practices are employees involvement (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), multi-skilled workforce, multi-functional work teams (Shah and Ward, 2003), education and training (Shah and Ward, 2003, Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999), performance-based compensation system (McKone et al., 1999) and information and feedback (Cua et al., 2001 and McKone et al., 1999). Lean operationalized model Traditionally, managers have relied heavily on accounting metrics to determine efficiency, such metrics reflect the final state achieved as the result of a long chain of decisions (Taj, 2008), while lean should be seen as a direction rather than a state to be reached after a certain time (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Therefore, managing a lean factory requires key information to assess the changes taking place in the effort to introduce lean (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Consequently, in order to develop an operationalized model for lean manufacturing, the aforementioned bundles and practices will be discussed with focus on identifying the indicators that can be used in assessing changes towards lean implementation. It is important here to note that the focus lies on the changes in these indicators, not on their actual values. So, the desired direction of each indicator, if moving in a lean direction, will be also specified. Measurement of TQM basic practices Since the ultimate goal of TQM practices is to achieve zero defects, Motwani (2001) mentioned that the percentage of defects (TQM1) and the percentage of products needing rework (TQM2) are among the common quality outcome indicators employed by several researchers. Product quality can be controlled through the involvement of production line workers for identification and adjustment of defective parts and their authority to stop lines when defective parts are found in order to avoid any defective parts moving to the next production stage (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Thus, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) used the percentage of defective parts adjusted by production line workers (TQM3) as an indicator of transferring the responsibility for products quality from the quality control department to the line workers. In addition, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m (1996) alleged that the number of quality control personnel (TQM4) and the size of repair area (TQM5) can be reduced as a consequence. Furthermore, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m (1996) declared the use of autonomous defect control (poka yoke) as inexpensive means to help conducting inspection of all units with the ultimate goal of zero defects. Therefore, the percentage of inspection carried out by autonomous defect control (TQM6) is a common measure (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001 and Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Visible graphs and panels are used to gather performance data, to plot different measurements and to identify specific problems and causes of delay in order to take efforts for resolution (Lee-Mortimer, 2006 and Bonavia and Marin, 2006). For this, Bonavia and Marin (2006) measured the percentage of work areas where visible graphs panels are used (TQM7) as an indicator for visual management. In addition to controlling products quality, process management is essential to obtain fault free parts and products from the very beginning (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). Cua et al. (2001) emphasized the use of Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques in monitoring processes to ensure that each process will supply defect free units to subsequent process. Shah and Ward (2007) and Bonavia and Marin (2006) measured the percentage of equipment / processes under SPC (TQM8) as an indicator to represent the expansion of using SPC. Panizzolo (1998) emphasized the attention that has been devoted to the relationships between product development and manufacturing activities. Sà ¶derquist and Motwani (1999) claimed that design for manufacturing through integrating product and process engineering is one of the core features of quality management within the lean production framework. Thus, the percentage of parts designed by cross-functional teams (TQM9) can be used as a measure for this practice. In addition, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) mentioned the use of common parts (TQM10) to manufacture different products as a technique used to reduce inventory and lead times as well. Moreover, participation of suppliers in the design stage (TQM11) facilitates manufacturing of components they have designed. Standardization is an essential principle of lean manufacturing that involves establishing the sequence of tasks to be done by each worker and how those tasks are done (Olivella et al, 2008), measuring and comparing the cycle time against the required takt time (Motwani, 2003) and specifying procedures, tools and materials (Bonavia and Marin, 2006). The percentage of procedures which are written recorded (TQM12) is the measure used by Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) and Bonavia and Marin (2006) to quantify the extent to which the company standardize its operations. Several researches emphasized the significant role that suppliers can play when involved in quality improvement programs (Panizzolo, 1998, Shah and Ward, 2007, Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005 and Motwani, 2003). In order to enhance suppliers involvement, Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez (2001) stressed the importance of information exchange with suppliers through conducting visits by engineers and technicians from both sides and interchanging documents. This will help to reduce inefficiencies and eliminate activities that are not value added (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001). This practice is measured by two indicators; the frequency of visits between companys and suppliers technicians (TQM13) and the number of suggestions made to suppliers (TQM14) (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001). With the focus on customers and their needs, Motwani (2001) declared that customer service programs should include quick responsiveness to complaints and maintaining a corporate goal to reduce the quantity of complaints (TQM15). Furthermore, Panizzolo (1998) affirmed that customer-driven enterprises dedicated much attention to organize customer participation in design, manufacturing and delivery activities. Thus, Bhasin and Burcher (2006) considered the percentage of projects in which the customer was involved (TQM16) as a signal of the systematically and continuously focus on the customer. In conclusion, table 3.1 summarizes the indicators developed to assess changes towards implementing the previously discussed TQM practices. Measurement of JIT basic practices Several authors (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001, Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996, Lee-Mortimer, 2006 and Salaheldin, 2005) have proposed the value of WIP (JIT1) and the lead time to customer order (JIT2) as common indicators of JIT implementation. Moreover, Motwani (2003) and Bhasin (2008) affirmed that total product cycle time (total time that material spends in the production system) (JIT3) is the best measure for tracking lean progress. Reducing set-up times simultaneously with reducing lot sizes is a technique used to reduce inventories and also it contributes to the reduction of lead times (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001) and increasing flexibility (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996). The progress in this practice can be directly measured by two indicators; set-up times (JIT4) and production and delivery lot sizes (JIT5). Firms use pull production systems to facilitate JIT production with the aim to produce the kind of units needed, at the time needed, and in the quantities needed (Shah and Ward, 2007). Bonavia and Marin (2006), Cua et al. (2001), McKone et al. (1999) and Shah and Ward (2007) highlighted the use of kanban squares, containers or signals as a means to pull material from an upstream station and manage product flow. Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m (1996) argued that as the work with implementing pull system proceeded, the number of manufacturing stages producing against customer orders should extend. Accordingly, they considered the percentage of stages in the material flow that uses pull (JIT6) as a determinant of the change towards this practice. Cua et al. (2001) and McKone et al. (1999) emphasized the importance of equipment layout to facilitate low inventories (JIT1) and fast throughput (i.e. shorten lead time (JIT3)). Grouping machines together in a cell-based layout (Cellular manufacturing) is one technique that is developed to facilitate line balancing with the ultimate goal of creating single piece flow (Lee-Mortimer, 2006 and Motwani, 2003). Implementing cellular manufacturing technique helps to eliminate the frequency (JIT7) and physical distances (JIT8) of parts transportation (Karlsson and Ã…hlstrà ¶m, 1996) and to reduce the investments (JIT9) in handling systems (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001). Panizzolo (1998) considered production leveling as a practice, in addition to small lots and pull control that is adopted to synchronize production and market demand. Thus, this practice contributes in achieving reductions in the value of WIP (JIT1) and the lead times to customer order (JIT2). Moreover, the synchronization between production output and market demand helps company to minimize finished goods inventory (JIT10). Suppliers are required to deliver the right quantity, at the right time, and at the right quality (Shah and Ward, 2007) in order to facilitate JIT production. Many researches agreed on the importance of reducing the number of key suppliers (JIT11) for the main components and engaging with them in long term contracts (JIT12) (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001, McKone et al., 1999, Shah and Ward, 2007, Doolen and Hacker, 2005, Bhasin and Burcher, 2006 and Papadopoulou and ÃÆ'-zbayrak, 2005). Furthermore, the case study of (Comm and Mathaisel, 2005) highlighted how maintaining good relationships with suppliers helped to keep minimum raw material inventories (JIT13). In general, McKone et al. (1999) highlighted the importance of on-time delivery (JIT14) to customers as an indicator of the JIT concept implementation. Likewise, Bhasin (2008) mentioned measuring on-time delivery as one of the customer / market indicators of lean implementation. In the same vein, Motwani (2001) recommended monitoring the amount of lateness in orders delivery as a tool in measuring the spread of delivery time. Furthermore, since the change towards JIT production and delivery is made gradually (Sà ¡nchez and Pà ©rez, 2001), the proportion of products transferred just-in-time between production stages (JIT15) and that delivered just-in-time by suppliers (JIT16) should be measured. Table 3.2 summarizes the indicators developed to assess changes towards implementing the previously discussed JIT practices. Measurement of TPM basic practices It is agreed upon in literature that overall equipment effectiveness OEE ( Adaptive Immune Response: Case Study Adaptive Immune Response: Case Study Adaptive Response Abstract Adaptive immunity is an important part of the immune system. It is the third line of defense in the human body, which includes highly specialized systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogenic growth. Once external barriers have been compromised and inflammation (innate immunity) has been activated, the adaptive response is called into action (Huether McCance, 2012). It develops slower than the innate inflammatory response and is specific—unlike inflammation, which is non-specific—and has immunological memory that recognizes each pathogen by a signature antibody (Huether McCance, 2012). In addition, the activated B cells and T cells can develop to memory cells that respond rapidly and efficiently to a subsequent encounter with a pathogen. Adaptive immunity response primary obligation is destroying infectious agents that are resistant to inflammation and provides long-term protection against future exposure to the same agents (Huether McCance, 2012) . Adaptive Response The adaptive response consists of an antibody response and cell-medicated response, which are carried out by different lymphocytes cells, B cells and T cells respectively. B cells (B indicates bone marrow) are the major cells involved in the creation of antibodies that circulate in blood plasma and lymph, where they have capacity bind to almost any foreign antigen found in the environment (Huether McCance, 2012). Binding of antibody inactivates virus and microbial toxins by blocking their ability to bind to receptors on host cells. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulin, are large Y shaped proteins, which are typically composed of two large heavy pair chains and two small light chains (Huether McCance, 2012). There are five types of immunoglobulin: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are characterized by differences in structure and function, each has evolved to handle particular antigens (Huether McCance, 2012). The antibody responses are also called humoral immunity. Another ad aptive response is known as cell-medicated immunity responses that activate T cells to combat against a foreign antigen presented on the surface of a host cell. Also, T cells produce signal molecules that trigger macrophages, natural killers (NK), antigen specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and release of various cytokines in responses to an antigen (Huether McCance, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to explain pathophysiology of disorders presented in the scenarios, including associated alterations, and adaptive responses to the alteration as well as construct a mind map for the selected disorder. Furthermore, consider the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risks factors, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of the disorder and any adaptive responses to alteration. Scenario 1: The first scenario the patient’s mother mentioned that Jennifer is usually healthy and has no significant medical history. However, physical examination revealed clinical manifestations, which include fever; tympanic membranes slightly redden on the periphery, throat erythematous with 4+ tonsils and diffuse exudate; anterior cervical nodes palpable and tender to touch. The child indicated throat hurts and painful to swallow. Vital signs reveal increased temperature, pulse and respiratory rate that suggested tonsillitis disorder. Pathophysiology Tonsillitis is an inflammatory condition of the tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory problems (Tonsillitis, 2014). When inflamed, tonsils become swollen and red with a grayish or yellowish coating on its surface. Tonsillitis usually begins with a sudden sore throat and painful swallowing. Tonsillitis causes tonsils and throat tissues to swell obstructing air from passing in and out of the respiratory system (Huether McCance, 2012). The tonsils infection is common in children under age six and teenagers but rare in adults. The adaptive response activates the different B cells and T cells lymphocytes to eliminate the alteration, so body can return back to hemostasis. Scenario 2: Pathophysiology Irritant contact dermatitis is a common nonimmunologically mediated inflammation arising from the release of proinflammatory cytokines from skin cells (principally keratinocytes), usually in responses to chemical stimuli such as cleansers, soap detergent, and various chemical agents (Hogan Elson, 2013). The main pathophysiological changes are skin barrier disruption, epidermal cellular changes and cytokine release. Irritant contact dermatitis is a major occupational disease; skin disorders comprise up to 40% of occupational illness (Hogan Elson, 2013). Patient work history is crucial in making diagnoses, and appearance of the skin. It may be treated with topical agents such as corticosteroid skin creams, emollients or moisturizers to prevent further irritation (Hogan Elson, 2013). Scenario 2: The patient presented with redness and irritation of his hands. The history revealed no allergies or significant medical history except for recurrent ear infections as a child. He denied any unknown exposure to irritants. Also, patient admits to working in maintenance and often working with abrasive solvent and chemical. Normally he wears gloves, but this particular time the patient did not wear gloves. He exposed his hands to some cleaning solutions. The patient’s detailed history and clinical manifestations led the student to a diagnosis of irritant contact dermatitis. Pathophysiology Stress is any situation that results in a reaction of the human body called the stress response (Huether McCance, 2012). The stress response is a set of adaptations that are mobilized throughout the body to correct state of allostatic imbalance. This involves a fairly stereotyped set neural an endocrine changes. A critical one is the secretion of catecholamines-epinephrine and norepinephrine from the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system projecting throughout the body (Huether McCance, 2012). Catecholamine induces vasoconstriction and increases in heart rate and blood pressure. It also increases the amount of nutrient and oxygen that is available to the muscle’s reaction during a stress response (Huether McCance, 2012). Another is secretion by the adrenal glands of a class of steroid hormones called glucocorticoids (GCs) ((Huether McCance, 2012). While there is an array of additional changes in levels of various hormones during stress (generally an increase in ci rculating levels of glucagon, prolactin, and beta-endorphin, decreases in insulin and reproductive hormones), secretion of GCs and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system constitute workhorses of the stress response (Huether McCance, 2012). Some common symptoms can include: increase heart rate, chest pain, poor appetite, depression, and insomnia. Usually, coping strategies are beneficial in helping individuals manage stress physical and psychological (Huether McCance, 2012). Adaptive responses help prepare the body for fight or flight by activating adaptive immunity response to correct imbalance. Scenario 3: The patient in this case study recently retired from her job as an administrative assistance at a local hospital. She does have a history of hypertensive, but controlled for years with medication. Patient reported having problem sleeping, occasionally rapid heart rate, and decrease appetite. She also mentioned her 87-year old mother moved in a few years ago after falling down a flight of stairs and broken her hip. Martha is taking care of her mother who requires enormous amount assistance with activities of daily living. She is worried about her own health at her age and sleep habits therefore clinical manifestations suggested stress disorder. Mind Map for Tonsillitis Disorder Epidemiology Irritant contact dermatitis is common in occupations that involve repeated hand washing or repeated exposure of the skin to water, food materials, and other irritants. High-risk occupations include maintenance, health care workers food preparation, and hairstylists (Hogan Elson, 2013). The prevalence of occupational hand dermatitis was found to be 55.6% in 2 intensive care units and was 69.7% in the most highly exposed workers. Irritant contact dermatitis is significantly more common in women than men. The high frequency of hand eczema in women in comparison with men is caused by environmental factors, not genetic factors. Pathophysiology Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) is a common nonimmunologically mediated inflammation arising from the release of proinflammatory cytokines from skin cells (principally keratinocytes), usually in responses to chemical stimuli such as cleansers, soap detergent, and various chemical agents (Hogan Elson, 2013). The main pathophysiological changes are skin barrier disruption, epidermal cellular changes and cytokine release hones naà ¯ve T- lymphocytes to the skin. Patients with altered barrier function are more prone to ICD. Risk factors People who work in occupational hazard environment and handles irritant such as cleaners, nurses, construction workers, mechanics, and agricultural workers are at risk for developing irritant contact dermatitis (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Another risk factor is younger workers often less experienced than their older colleagues or may have a more careless attitude about safety measures causing them to develop the disorder (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Clinical presentation Clinically, irritant contact dermatitis presents with scaly erythematous plaques, cracking of the skin, inflammation, dryness, and fissuring. It commonly involves web spaces that extend to the dorsal and ventral surface of the hand and fingers (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Vesicles do not typically form. Pruritus can be mild; however, stinging, burning and pain are frequently reported symptoms. Diagnosis Irritant contact dermatitis does not need a specific test because ICD can be diagnosed through clinical examination and a careful history. A clinical examination must include a careful look at the distribution of the dermatitis (palmar, dorsal, face, abdomen, web spaces, and fingernails) as well as the extension of dermatitis to wrists or forearms (Mayo Clinic, 2012). The history should include a questionnaire that addresses the individual name and address of the employer; the worker’s job’s title and a description of functions. The worker should provide a list of all chemicals handled and supply information about them, such as found on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) in order to provide an appropriate diagnosis (Mayo Clinic, 2012). Adaptive responses to alteration Harding or accommodation has been defined as the adaptation of the skin from altered local expression of multiple cytokines and inflammatory mediators with repeated irritation from skin irritants. Accommodated skin has a relatively thicker layer of stratum granulosum versus normal skin. Accommodated skin may exhibit a slight sheen and glossy appearance with a mild scale. On manipulation, there may also be a slight loss of elasticity (Huether McCance, 2012). Conclusion When successful, an adaptive immune response terminates infection and provides long-lasting protective immunity against the pathogen that provoked response. Adaptive immunity is an evolving process within a person’s lifetime, in which each infection changes the make-up of that individual’s lymphocyte population. Adaptive immunity is an evolving process within a person’s lifetime, in which each infection changes the make-up of that individual’s lymphocyte population (Huether McCance, 2012). These changes are neither inherited nor passed on but, during the course of a lifetime, they determine a person’s fitness and their susceptibility to disease. Failures to develop a successful adaptive response can arise from inherited deficiencies in the immune system or from the pathogen’s ability to escape, avoid, or subvert the immune response. Such failures can lead to debilitating chronic infections or death (Huether McCance, 2012). References Golden, S. Shaw, T. (2013). Hand dermatitis: Review of clinical features and treatment options. Retrieved from www.cutis.com/fileadmin/content†¦/SCMS_vol32_No3_Golden.pdf Hogan, D., Elston, D. M. (2013). Irritant contact dermatitis. Medscape. Retrieved from emedicine.medscape.com/article/1049353-overview Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Mayo Clinic. (2012). Tonsillitis. Retrieved from www.mayoclinic.org/diseases†¦/tonsillitis/†¦/con-20023538 Tonsillitis. (2014). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from http://wwe.britannica.com/Ebchecked/topic/599370/tonsillitis